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Вестник Псковского государственного университета. Серия: Экономика. Право. Управление

Интерпретация квантовой механики

Верхозин Анатолий Николаевич

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A brief review of basic concepts (interpretations) of quantum mechanics is given. Each of the above interpretations has a number of controversial points, which allow discussion to develop their understanding of the mechanism of the paradoxical quantum phenomena. The article is written for students-economists studying the concepts of modern science and all readers interested in the questions: what is beyond the reality of the quantum-mechanical experiment or does our perception create, in some sense, the physical world. The author believes that the development of quantum information technology is impossible without an answer to these fundamental questions.

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A brief review of basic concepts (interpretations) of quantum mechanics is given. Each of the above interpretations has a number of controversial points, which allow discussion to develop their understanding of the mechanism of the paradoxical quantum phenomena. The article is written for students-economists studying the concepts of modern science and all readers interested in the questions: what is beyond the reality of the quantum-mechanical experiment or does our perception create, in some sense, the physical world. The author believes that the development of quantum information technology is impossible without an answer to these fundamental questions.
A brief review of the main ideas (interpretations) of quantum mechanics is given. Each of the considered interpretations contains a number of disputable provisions, the discussion of which allows us to develop our own understanding of the mechanism of paradoxical quantum phenomena. The article is addressed to all students who study the concepts of modern natural science, and to all readers interested in the questions what is the reality beyond the quantum mechanical experiment or if our perception really shapes the physical world in some way. The author believes that the development of quantum information technologies is impossible without answering these fundamental questions.
Modern scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial theories: firstly, the general theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein, and secondly, the theory of quantum mechanics. This theory introduces an immense reality and simultaneously creates complex questions for the world of physics. Quantum mechanics is an incompletable knowledge however scientists are finding the basic theories from this theory. They propose complex mathematical expressions from quantum mechanics to prove the basic law of atoms. Quantum mechanics is the entire knowledge of subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. Quantum mechanics reveals that what we see is just a part of a deeper reality. Then we can grasp from this theory that the material world is not the completed reality; there are other things beyond human physical senses. The concept of quantum mechanics describes particles that can exist in multiple states. The concept of quantum mechanics is directly proportional to contemporary world technologies. The super specialty of this theory is that scientists cannot be explained universe without quantum mechanics. The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg in quantum mechanics suggests that there are limits to what we can know about a particle state of an atom. Humans cannot yet find out what it looks like and how we can imagine the existence of subatomic particles in an atom. That was an unseen dynamite for humans' perspective observation of the material world.
This article analyzes the fundamental differences between classical and quantum mechanics from a scientific and theoretical perspective. By comparing the historical development of two physical paradigms, their mathematical frameworks, laws, and areas of application, the study explores their role in explaining natural phenomena. Classical mechanics is based on causal determinism, continuity, and the precise trajectory of motion, whereas quantum mechanics employs concepts of probability, discreteness, and the wave function. To highlight the differences between the theories, key physical laws such as Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, the Schrödinger equation, and Newton’s laws are compared. The article also discusses the modern interpretation of mechanics in the era of quantum technologies.
The author attempts to answer the questions there are in the title of this paper. These questions are questions that scientists and philosophers have been asking themselves for many decades since Quantum Mechanics was formulated to explain the phenomena of the atomic and subatomic world. First of all a short but complete historical review of the transition between Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics there is. It is preceded by some of the methodological premises that fit a certain vision of science. Then the author examines the issues and debates that have occurred on aspects of quantum mechanics such as realism, non-locality and probabilism (in contrast to determinism of Classic Mechanics). In doing this author llustrates the foundations of the various interpretations of quantum mechanics which, in an attempt to resolve these problems, have been given. The absurdities, and conflicts with the common sense, of quantum mechanics are shown to be largely apparent. In doing this, we examine the analogies of classical physics, as well as those of everyday life. Recent experimental results are taken into consideration. It is concluded that Quantum Mechanics presents elements of rupture more with Classical Physics than with the everyday experience.
Quantum mechanics was developed in the early 20th century as a computational algorithm to organize and predict the strange results of a wide variety of experiments involving the microscopic world (molecules, atoms, elementary particles), which appeared random but had a predictable probabilistic distribution. Despite its overwhelming success, the conceptual foundations of this algorithm remain unclear and extremely controversial. How can we connect the microscopic world described by quantum mechanics with the macroscopic world of our daily experience? What is the role of observers in this connection? Why don't strange quantum phenomena occur on macroscopic scales? How can we explain the nonlocal nature of quantum phenomena? In this article I will present some attempts to answer these and other basic questions, which constitute different theories with completely different worldviews, commenting on their strengths and weaknesses. We will conclude that quantum theory is still under construction, as there is no consensual formulation. Its development is a fundamental problem in contemporary physics, and in thought in general.
This chapter is intended for nonpractitioners in the field with a technical background but not necessarily at the doctoral level and so minimizes equations and the more specialized jargon. The chapter starts with a brief history of quantum mechanics. The important basic concepts of quantum mechanics are discussed, and some commonly used terms and common quantum experiments are introduced. The difference between quantum and “classical” physics is discussed. The role of quantum theory in modern physics is explained. A number of applications of quantum phenomena are discussed with some emphasis on the three areas of the US National Quantum Initiative: quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum communications. Finally, the various interpretations of quantum mechanics with respect to its meanings for physical reality are touched upon. At this writing, quantum technologies are receiving increased emphasis and funding in several areas both in the US and several other nations, which is discussed.