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物理学前沿：英文版

An experimental approach for investigating many-body phenomena in Rydberg-interacting quantum systems

Hofmann, Günter, Schempp, Miiller, Faber Faber, Busche, Robert-de-Saint-Vincent, S. Whitlock, Matthias Weidemüller

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations

Abstract

在 ultracold Rydberg 气体的学习的最近的开发要求试验性的精深，高原子、光的密度必须与外部领域和敏感 Rydberg 原子察觉的优秀控制在被相结合的先进水平。我们描述过去常生产并且学习从稠密的 ultracold 激动的交往 Rydberg 原子的一个定制的试验性的系统原子气体。实验用高流动寒冷原子来源和三根横梁为快责任周期被优化了光偶极子陷井。后者启用在几个数量级上原子密度和温度调节，一路上到 Bose 爱因斯坦冷凝作用转变。包围原子的电极结构允许对电场和 Rydberg 原子的单个粒子的敏感领域电离察觉的精确控制。我们考察在不同许多身体系统上加亮强壮的 Rydberg-Rydberg 相互作用的影响的二个实验。首先， Rydberg 封锁效果习惯于预先组织在它进 ultracold 血浆的自发的进化以前的原子气体。第二，称为黑暗状态的电磁声子的光子和原子的混合状态被学习。由看 Rydberg 激动的原子的统计分发，我们揭示在黑暗状态的电磁声子之间的关联。这些实验将最终在强烈交往的政体提供许多身体现象的更深的理解，包括在在量水平的原子和灯之间的强烈联合的血浆和接口的学习。

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在 ultracold Rydberg 气体的学习的最近的开发要求试验性的精深，高原子、光的密度必须与外部领域和敏感 Rydberg 原子察觉的优秀控制在被相结合的先进水平。我们描述过去常生产并且学习从稠密的 ultracold 激动的交往 Rydberg 原子的一个定制的试验性的系统原子气体。实验用高流动寒冷原子来源和三根横梁为快责任周期被优化了光偶极子陷井。后者启用在几个数量级上原子密度和温度调节，一路上到 Bose 爱因斯坦冷凝作用转变。包围原子的电极结构允许对电场和 Rydberg 原子的单个粒子的敏感领域电离察觉的精确控制。我们考察在不同许多身体系统上加亮强壮的 Rydberg-Rydberg 相互作用的影响的二个实验。首先， Rydberg 封锁效果习惯于预先组织在它进 ultracold 血浆的自发的进化以前的原子气体。第二，称为黑暗状态的电磁声子的光子和原子的混合状态被学习。由看 Rydberg 激动的原子的统计分发，我们揭示在黑暗状态的电磁声子之间的关联。这些实验将最终在强烈交往的政体提供许多身体现象的更深的理解，包括在在量水平的原子和灯之间的强烈联合的血浆和接口的学习。

因为寿命长，并且原子间相互作用容易操控，所以里德堡原子在量子信息与量子光学领域具有极大的吸引力。特别地，偶极阻塞效应成为执行很多量子信息处理任务的物理资源。本文基于严格的偶极阻塞效应，将捕获在三个磁光阱中的二能级里德堡原子系综看作超级原子，在此基础上研究原子数目可调控的三体里德堡超级原子的同相和反相动力学行为，同时实现W态和两种最大纠缠态的制备。本工作在量子操控和量子信息处理方面具有潜在的应用前景。

Recent developments in the study of ultracold Rydberg gases demand an advanced level of experimental sophistication, in which high atomic and optical densities must be combined with excellent control of external fields and sensitive Rydberg atom detection. We describe a tailored experimental system used to produce and study Rydberg-interacting atoms excited from dense ultracold atomic gases. The experiment has been optimized for fast duty cycles using a high flux cold atom source and a three beam optical dipole trap. The latter enables tuning of the atomic density and temperature over several orders of magnitude, all the way to the Bose-Einstein condensation transition. An electrode structure surrounding the atoms allows for precise control over electric fields and single-particle sensitive field ionization detection of Rydberg atoms. We review two experiments which highlight the influence of strong Rydberg-Rydberg interactions on different many-body systems. First, the Rydberg blockade effect is used to pre-structure an atomic gas prior to its spontaneous evolution into an ultracold plasma. Second, hybrid states of photons and atoms called dark-state polaritons are studied. By looking at the statistical distribution of Rydberg excited atoms we reveal correlations between dark-state polaritons. These experiments will ultimately provide a deeper understanding of many-body phenomena in strongly-interacting regimes, including the study of strongly-coupled plasmas and interfaces between atoms and light at the quantum level.

We present a theoretical investigation into the expansion dynamics of Rydberg-dressed ultracold Fermi gases. The effective interaction potential induced by Rydberg dressing significantly modifies the intrinsic properties and dynamical behavior of the quantum gas. The strength and range of these interactions can be precisely tuned by varying the intensity and detuning of the applied laser field. By employing mean-field theory and utilizing the density distribution of the atomic cloud to describe the quantum system dynamics, we theoretically describe the time-dependent evolution of the atomic cloud during the free expansion process, encompassing both non-interacting and unitary Fermi gases. Notably, the specific quantum states of the ground-state atoms play a pivotal role in shaping the effective interaction potential within the Rydberg-dressed quantum system. We elucidate how the interaction potential influences the rate and mode of the atom cloud’s expansion by hydrodynamic expansion arising from Rydberg-dressed atoms in distinct spin hyperfine states. This investigation may deepen our understanding of the behavior and interactions in quantum many-body systems and offer broad potential for future applications like the exploration of novel quantum phase transitions and emergent phenomena.

Many-body interactions govern a variety of important quantum phenomena ranging from superconductivity and magnetism in condensed matter to solvent effects in chemistry. Understanding those interactions beyond mean field is a holy grail of modern sciences. AMO physics with advanced laser technologies has recently emerged as a new platform to study quantum many-body systems. One of its latest developments is the study of long-range interactions among ultracold particles to reveal the effects of many-body correlations. Rydberg atoms distinguish themselves by their large dipole moments and tunability of dipolar interactions. Most of ultracold Rydberg experiments have been performed with narrow-band lasers in the Rydberg blockade regime. Here we demonstrate an ultracold Rydberg gas in a complementary regime, where electronic coherence is created using a broadband picosecond laser pulse, thus circumventing the Rydberg blockade to induce strong many-body correlations. The effects of long-range Rydberg interactions have been investigated by time-domain Ramsey interferometry with attosecond precision. This approach allows for the real-time observation of coherent and ultrafast many-body dynamics in which the electronic coherence is modulated by the interaction-induced correlations. The modulation evolves more rapidly than expected for two-body correlations by several orders of magnitude. We have actively controlled such ultrafast many-body dynamics by tuning the principal quantum number and the population of the Rydberg state. The observed Ramsey interferograms are well reproduced by a theoretical model beyond mean-field approximation, which can be relevant to other similar many-body phenomena in condensed matter physics and chemistry. Our new approach opens a new avenue to observe and manipulate nonequilibrium dynamics of strongly-correlated quantum many-body systems on the ultrafast timescale.