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中国科学通报：英文版

Experimental verification of genuine multipartite entanglement without shared reference frames

Zhao, Wang, Chao, Zhang, Yunfeng Yunfeng, Huang, Bi-Heng, Lǔ, Chuan-feng, Li -, Guang-Can, Guo Guo

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

量纠纷是为量信息处理的一个必要资源，为量通讯或为量计算。纠纷的多国参加的盒子，特别所谓的真多国参加的纠纷，为多国参加的量信息协议有重要重要性。因此，当执行许多量信息任务时，试验性地验证多国参加的量纠纷是一个自然要求。然而，这由于在所有深奥聚会之中造一个分享的参考框架的困难经常是技术上挑战性的，特别当这些聚会离对方远时。在这份报纸，没有分享的参考书框架，我们试验性地验证一个三光子的 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger 状态的真分成三部分的纠纷。高可能性当没有参考书框架被分享时，成功地验证真分成三部分的纠纷中的 0.79 个被完成。在分享仅仅一普通的轴的情况中， 0.91 的甚至更高的成功可能性被完成。

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量纠纷是为量信息处理的一个必要资源，为量通讯或为量计算。纠纷的多国参加的盒子，特别所谓的真多国参加的纠纷，为多国参加的量信息协议有重要重要性。因此，当执行许多量信息任务时，试验性地验证多国参加的量纠纷是一个自然要求。然而，这由于在所有深奥聚会之中造一个分享的参考框架的困难经常是技术上挑战性的，特别当这些聚会离对方远时。在这份报纸，没有分享的参考书框架，我们试验性地验证一个三光子的 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger 状态的真分成三部分的纠纷。高可能性当没有参考书框架被分享时，成功地验证真分成三部分的纠纷中的 0.79 个被完成。在分享仅仅一普通的轴的情况中， 0.91 的甚至更高的成功可能性被完成。
秘密共享协议通过将秘密分割存储, 达到分散风险和容忍入侵的目的, 能有效地防止外部敌手的攻击和内部参与者的背叛. 然而, 公开的接收者身份存在被攻击的风险. 本文给出了量子匿名秘密共享的定义并提出一种基于 d 维量子系统的可认证匿名秘密共享协议以解决秘密共享协议中接收者身份的匿名问题.在该协议中, 秘密分发者首先利用 Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger 态对所有的参与者进行身份认证, 然后在指定的匿名接收者集合中构建匿名纠缠. 最后利用构建的匿名纠缠为秘密共享任务提供消息保密性和接收者身份匿名性保护. 正确性分析表明, 匿名接收者可以正确获得秘密份额并合作恢复出秘密. 在安全性方面, 协议可以同时抵抗来自外部敌手和内部参与者的攻击. 最后, 匿名性分析表明, 协议不会泄露任何有关接收者身份的信息. 量子匿名秘密共享的提出为保护用户隐私和确保信息安全提供了新思路, 也为未来量子网络中的通信协议提供了新的可能性.
Multipartite nonlocality is of great fundamental interest and constitutes a useful resource for many quantum information protocols. However, demonstrating it in practice, by violating a Bell inequality, can be difficult. In particular, standard experimental setups require the alignment of distant parties' reference frames, which can be challenging or impossible in practice. In this work we study the violation of certain Bell inequalities, namely the Mermin, Mermin-Klyshko, and Svetlichny inequalities, without shared reference frames, when parties share a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. Furthermore, we analyze how these violations demonstrate genuine multipartite features of entanglement and nonlocality. For three, four, and five parties, we show that it is possible to violate these inequalities with high probability, when the parties choose their measurements from the three Pauli operators, defined only with respect to their local frames. Moreover, the probability of violation, and the amount of violation, are increased when each party chooses their measurements from the four operators describing the vertices of a tetrahedron. We also consider how many randomly chosen measurement directions are needed to violate the Bell inequalities with high probability. We see that the obtained levels of violation are sufficient to also demonstrate genuine multipartite entanglement and nonseparability. Finally, we show analytically that choosing from two measurement settings per party is sufficient to demonstrate the maximum degree of genuine multipartite entanglement and nonseparability with certainty when the parties' reference frames are aligned in one direction so that they differ only in rotations around one axis.
Multipartite quantum nonlocality is an important diagnostic tool and resource for both researches in fundamental quantum mechanics and applications in quantum information protocols. Shared reference frames among all parties are usually required for experimentally observing quantum nonlocality, which is not possible in many circumstances. Previous results have shown violations of bipartite Bell inequalities with approaching unit probability, without shared reference frames. Here we experimentally demonstrate genuine multipartite quantum nonlocality without shared reference frames, using the Svetlichny inequality. A significant violation probability of 0.58 is observed with a high-fidelity three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. Furthermore, when there is one shared axis among all the parties, which is the usual case in fiber-optic or earth-satellite links, the experimental results demonstrate the genuine three-partite nonlocality with certainty. Our experiment will be helpful for applications in multipartite quantum communication protocols.
利用制备的三光子偏振广义Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger纠缠态，测量了三体纠缠度、Svetlichny不等式和广义Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger态的密度矩阵．根据密度矩阵计算了三体纠缠度，测量得到了广义Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger纠缠态的纠缠和非定域性之间的关系．结果表明：在实验误差范围内，三体纠缠度的实验测量值和理论值一致；Svetlichny算符的期望值和理论计算结果具有较好的一致性；体系非定域特性和体系的纠缠程度密切相美，当纠缠麽减小时，非定域性减弱．