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Chinese Physics B

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution of wavelength division multiplexing with multiple quantum channels*

Zhongqi Sun, Yanxin Han, Tianqi Dou, Jipeng Wang, Zhenhua Li, Fen Zhou, Yuqing Huang, Haiqiang Ma

Published Mar 30, 2021• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) can allow a quantum key distribution system to obtain the ideal key rate and transmission distance without reference system calibration, which has attracted much attention. Here, we propose an RFI-QKD protocol based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) considering finite-key analysis and crosstalk. The finite-key bound for RFI-QKD with decoy states is derived under the crosstalk of WDM. The resulting secret key rate of RFI-QKD, which is more rigorous, is obtained. Simulation results reveal that the secret key rate of RFI-QKD based on WDM is affected by the multiplexing channel number, as well as crosstalk between adjacent channels.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/abf350

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Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) can allow a quantum key distribution system to obtain the ideal key rate and transmission distance without reference system calibration, which has attracted much attention. Here, we propose an RFI-QKD protocol based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) considering finite-key analysis and crosstalk. The finite-key bound for RFI-QKD with decoy states is derived under the crosstalk of WDM. The resulting secret key rate of RFI-QKD, which is more rigorous, is obtained. Simulation results reveal that the secret key rate of RFI-QKD based on WDM is affected by the multiplexing channel number, as well as crosstalk between adjacent channels.
Abstract Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology can improve the networking level and overcome the shortcomings of low key rate under the existing technic background of measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol application. reference frame independent quantum key distribution (RFI-MDI-QKD) protocol cut down on the influence of the reference frame drift on the key distribution system. The decoy state protocol has important development prospects in the development of quantum communication networking. Combining the advantages of of the above protocols to realize RFI-MDI-QKD with WDM, the results show that the key distribution efficiency is improved with the increase in the number of WDM multiplexed channels, which promotes the further exploration and achievement of QKD networking application.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) generates information-theoretical secure keys between two parties based on the physical laws of quantum mechanics. The phase-matching (PM) QKD protocol allows the key rate to break the quantum channel secret key capacity limit without quantum repeaters, and the security of the protocol is demonstrated by using equivalent entanglement. In this paper, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique is applied to the PM-QKD protocol considering the effect of crosstalk noise on the secret key rate. The performance of PM-QKD protocol based on WDM with the influence of adjacent classical channels and Raman scattering is analyzed by numerical simulations to maximize the total secret key rate of the QKD, providing a reference for future implementations of QKD based on WDM techniques.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical optical channels has been proven to be feasible experimentally. In this paper, we will analyze the practical security of WDM-QKD theoretically. Specifically, we first establish the noise model of classical signals. Then, the influence of classical noises on the performance of decoy-state WDM-QKD is studied with a finite-key security analysis. For numerical simulations, the effect of classical noise-reduction methods for different experimental settings is given. The secret key rate and maximum transmission distance of WDM-QKD is simulated with various sent number of quantum pulses or transmitted power of classical signals. Furthermore, the performance of two kinds of decoy-state WDM-QKD is compared, which shows that the optimal decoy-state protocol for WDM-QKD is related to the sent number of quantum pulses. Since WDM-QKD is desired to reduce the cost of QKD networks and since experiments have already been carried out, our work can not only close the gap between theory and practice, but also be used to optimize the experimental parameters and improve its performance.
Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) has been proven to be very useful and practical under realistic environment. Here, we present a scheme for one-decoy state RFI-QKD based on the work of Rusca et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 171104 (2018)], and carry out investigation on its performance under realistic experimental conditions. Numerical simulation results show that the one-decoy state RFI-QKD can achieve comparable performance in terms of secret key rate and transmission distance as the two-decoy state correspondence under practical experimental conditions. On contrast, it does not need to prepare the vacuum state in the former case, substantially reducing the experimental complexity and random number consumptions. Therefore, our present proposal seems very promising in practical implementations of RFI-QKD.
The reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI QKD) protocol enables QKD systems to function effectively despite slowly varying reference frames, offering a distinct advantage in practical scenarios, particularly in mobile platforms. In this study, we successfully distribute secure key bits over a 250-km optical fiber distance by developing an RFI QKD system with a repetition rate of 150 MHz. Benefiting from high repetition rate, we achieve a finite-key secret key rate of 49.65 bit/s at a distance of 200 km, which is more than 3 times higher than state-of-the-art systems. Our work dramatically extends the transmission distance and enhances the secret key rate of RFI QKD, significantly promoting its practical application.
Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) has gained widespread attention due to its unique advantage for practical application, as it circumvents the need for active reference-frame alignment within the system. However, in comparison to the standard BB84 protocol, the original six-state RFI protocol requires a greater number of quantum states to be operated by Alice and Bob, which is an aspect that merits optimization. In this work, we propose a four-state RFI protocol and illustrate that Alice and Bob each require only four quantum states to perform channel estimation that remains independent of reference-frame deviation, which can proficiently reduce the system complexity. Furthermore, through numerical simulations taking the finite-key-size effect into consideration, we show that the four-state RFI protocol can achieve a secure key rate and transmission distance on par with those of the original six-state RFI protocol. Finally, an experiment over 200 km is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of our scheme. We believe that our protocol can streamline the implementation of RFI-QKD and thereby contribute to the practical advancement of RFI-QKD.