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Superactivation of Quantum Nonlocality

Carlos Palazuelos

Published Jan 1, 2012• 97 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this Letter we show that quantum nonlocality can be superactivated. That is, one can obtain violations of Bell inequalities by tensorizing a local state with itself. In the second part of this work we study how large these violations can be. In particular, we show the existence of quantum states with very low Bell violation but such that five copies of them give very large violations. In fact, this gap can be made arbitrarily large by increasing the dimension of the states.

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Superactivation of Quantum Nonlocality

Carlos Palazuelos

In this Letter we show that quantum nonlocality can be superactivated. That is, one can obtain violations of Bell inequalities by tensorizing a local state with itself. In the second part of this work we study how large these violations can be. In particular, we show the existence of quantum states with very low Bell violation but such that five copies of them give very large violations. In fact, this gap can be made arbitrarily large by increasing the dimension of the states.

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Activation of the violation of the Svetlichny inequality

Paweł Caban, Andrzej Molenda, Kamila Trzcińska

The phenomenon of superactivation of quantum nonlocality, i.e., the fact that several copies of a local quantum state when processed together can generate nonlocal correlations, has recently attracted much attention. However, this problem was considered mainly in a bipartite scenario (although some research in a multipartite case was also undertaken). In this paper we give explicit examples of activation of the violation of the Svetlichny inequality. The violation of the Svetlichny inequality is a sufficient condition of genuine tripartite nonlocality. We show that a number of pure GHZ-type states can be activated. We observe also that the amount of violation of the Svetlichny inequality by two copies of the GHZ state increases with an entanglement of a single copy of the state.

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All entangled states display some hidden nonlocality

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A well-known manifestation of quantum entanglement is that it may lead to correlations that are inexplicable within the framework of a locally causal theory---a fact that is demonstrated by the quantum violation of Bell inequalities. The precise relationship between quantum entanglement and the violation of Bell inequalities is, however, not well understood. While it is known that entanglement is necessary for such a violation, it is not clear whether all entangled states violate a Bell inequality, even in the scenario where one allows joint operations on multiple copies of the state and local filtering operations before the Bell experiment. In this paper we show that all entangled states, or more precisely, all not-fully-separable states of arbitrary Hilbert space dimension and arbitrary number of parties, violate a Bell inequality when combined with another state which on its own cannot violate the same Bell inequality. This result shows that quantum entanglement and quantum nonlocality are in some sense equivalent, thus giving an affirmative answer to the aforementioned open question. It follows from our result that two entangled states that are apparently useless in demonstrating quantum nonlocality via a specific Bell inequality can be combined to give a Bell violation of the same inequality. Explicit examples of such activation phenomenon are provided.

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The fact that several copies of a local quantum state — when processed together — can generate a nonlocal correlation, i.e. the superactivation of quantum nonlocality, is a well-known feature of quantum mechanics. Most of research results focused strongly on the bipartite scenario. In this paper we show that the activation of violation of Svetlichny inequality, reported for the first time in our previous paper, is not an exceptional phenomenon but holds for a broad class of quantum states as well for pure as for mixed, noisy ones.

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Quantum nonlocality: no, yes, how and why

Alejandro A. Hnilo

The problem of the existence of nonlocal effects in Quantum Mechanics is discussed. The problem is divided in two: the first ('soft') one is to explain the violation of Bell's inequalities as a statistical magnitude. This can be achieved by a simple model within non-Boolean Locality and Realism. This result shows that quantum non-Locality as a consequence of the statistical violation of Bell's inequalities is inexistent. The second ('hard') problem is to explain the violation as it is calculated from series of detection outcomes. L.Sica has demonstrated that, in order to violate Bell's inequalities, the series recorded at (say) Bob when the setting at station Alice is alfa, can be different from the series that would have been recorded at Bob if that setting had been alfa'instead. Therefore, non-Locality in the series of detection outcomes does exist. It cannot be experimentally verified because of its counterfactual nature, but is observed in computer simulations. An appropriate computer code is based on the simple model mentioned plus a contextual instruction. It explains 'how' (Sica's) non-Locality arises, and solves the hard problem. 'Why' the contextual instruction exists is explained by Hellwig and Kraus' postulate of covariant quantum state collapse. In consequence, (Sica's) non-Locality is not in contradiction with Relativity but, quite the opposite, it is implied by Relativistic covariance.

quant-pharXiv:2603.09000•Mar 11, 2026•0 citations

Superactivation of Bell nonlocality in pure anyonic states

Cheng-Qian Xu, Wenhao Ye, Li You

Standard quantum information theory is founded on the assumption that multi-party state space possesses a tensor product structure. Anyons, as quasiparticles in two-dimensional systems, exhibit unique entanglement properties that differ from the conventional quantum systems, resulting from the absence of a tensor product structure in their state spaces. This motivates us to investigate the relationship between Bell nonlocality and entanglement in anyonic states. Specifically, we find that certain pure anyonic states with non-zero anyonic entanglement entropy (AEE) are local, yet exhibit nonlocality when subjected to collective measurements on multiple copies-a phenomenon known as superactivation of nonlocality, which is typically observed in conventional mixed states. To analyze this, we decompose the total entanglement of anyonic states into two components: one from the tensor product structure and the other representing residual contributions. By studying their asymptotic behavior, we find that the former gradually increases and approaches the AEE while the latter diminishes with the number of copies. Crucially, the entanglement component associated with the tensor product structure demonstrates a significant correlation with nonlocality, which explains the observed superactivation of nonlocality. Our findings provide new insights into the connection between entanglement and nonlocality in anyonic systems.

arXiv:2506.08919•Physical Review A•Dec 5, 2025•1 citation
In this Letter we show that quantum nonlocality can be superactivated. That is, one can obtain violations of Bell inequalities by tensorizing a local state with itself. In the second part of this work we study how large these violations can be. In particular, we show the existence of quantum states with very low Bell violation but such that five copies of them give very large violations. In fact, this gap can be made arbitrarily large by increasing the dimension of the states.
The phenomenon of superactivation of quantum nonlocality, i.e., the fact that several copies of a local quantum state when processed together can generate nonlocal correlations, has recently attracted much attention. However, this problem was considered mainly in a bipartite scenario (although some research in a multipartite case was also undertaken). In this paper we give explicit examples of activation of the violation of the Svetlichny inequality. The violation of the Svetlichny inequality is a sufficient condition of genuine tripartite nonlocality. We show that a number of pure GHZ-type states can be activated. We observe also that the amount of violation of the Svetlichny inequality by two copies of the GHZ state increases with an entanglement of a single copy of the state.
A well-known manifestation of quantum entanglement is that it may lead to correlations that are inexplicable within the framework of a locally causal theory---a fact that is demonstrated by the quantum violation of Bell inequalities. The precise relationship between quantum entanglement and the violation of Bell inequalities is, however, not well understood. While it is known that entanglement is necessary for such a violation, it is not clear whether all entangled states violate a Bell inequality, even in the scenario where one allows joint operations on multiple copies of the state and local filtering operations before the Bell experiment. In this paper we show that all entangled states, or more precisely, all not-fully-separable states of arbitrary Hilbert space dimension and arbitrary number of parties, violate a Bell inequality when combined with another state which on its own cannot violate the same Bell inequality. This result shows that quantum entanglement and quantum nonlocality are in some sense equivalent, thus giving an affirmative answer to the aforementioned open question. It follows from our result that two entangled states that are apparently useless in demonstrating quantum nonlocality via a specific Bell inequality can be combined to give a Bell violation of the same inequality. Explicit examples of such activation phenomenon are provided.
The fact that several copies of a local quantum state — when processed together — can generate a nonlocal correlation, i.e. the superactivation of quantum nonlocality, is a well-known feature of quantum mechanics. Most of research results focused strongly on the bipartite scenario. In this paper we show that the activation of violation of Svetlichny inequality, reported for the first time in our previous paper, is not an exceptional phenomenon but holds for a broad class of quantum states as well for pure as for mixed, noisy ones.
The problem of the existence of nonlocal effects in Quantum Mechanics is discussed. The problem is divided in two: the first ('soft') one is to explain the violation of Bell's inequalities as a statistical magnitude. This can be achieved by a simple model within non-Boolean Locality and Realism. This result shows that quantum non-Locality as a consequence of the statistical violation of Bell's inequalities is inexistent. The second ('hard') problem is to explain the violation as it is calculated from series of detection outcomes. L.Sica has demonstrated that, in order to violate Bell's inequalities, the series recorded at (say) Bob when the setting at station Alice is alfa, can be different from the series that would have been recorded at Bob if that setting had been alfa'instead. Therefore, non-Locality in the series of detection outcomes does exist. It cannot be experimentally verified because of its counterfactual nature, but is observed in computer simulations. An appropriate computer code is based on the simple model mentioned plus a contextual instruction. It explains 'how' (Sica's) non-Locality arises, and solves the hard problem. 'Why' the contextual instruction exists is explained by Hellwig and Kraus' postulate of covariant quantum state collapse. In consequence, (Sica's) non-Locality is not in contradiction with Relativity but, quite the opposite, it is implied by Relativistic covariance.
Standard quantum information theory is founded on the assumption that multi-party state space possesses a tensor product structure. Anyons, as quasiparticles in two-dimensional systems, exhibit unique entanglement properties that differ from the conventional quantum systems, resulting from the absence of a tensor product structure in their state spaces. This motivates us to investigate the relationship between Bell nonlocality and entanglement in anyonic states. Specifically, we find that certain pure anyonic states with non-zero anyonic entanglement entropy (AEE) are local, yet exhibit nonlocality when subjected to collective measurements on multiple copies-a phenomenon known as superactivation of nonlocality, which is typically observed in conventional mixed states. To analyze this, we decompose the total entanglement of anyonic states into two components: one from the tensor product structure and the other representing residual contributions. By studying their asymptotic behavior, we find that the former gradually increases and approaches the AEE while the latter diminishes with the number of copies. Crucially, the entanglement component associated with the tensor product structure demonstrates a significant correlation with nonlocality, which explains the observed superactivation of nonlocality. Our findings provide new insights into the connection between entanglement and nonlocality in anyonic systems.