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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology

Optical readout of electron spin states in diamond NV centers for quantum and nanoscale photonics

Simeon Bogdanov, Mikhail Y. Shalaginov, Abhishek B. Solanki, Oksana Makarova, Xiaohui Xu, Zachariah O. Martin, Pramey Upadhyaya, Alexandra E. Boltasseva, Vladimir M. Shalaev

Published Mar 4, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have been long used for spin-based optical sensing and also considered viable candidates for implementing quantum information protocols using their spin degree of freedom. Their nanoscale size and the possibility of optical spin readout make them particularly attractive for the use in integrated nanophotonic and quantum optical devices. We will discuss how the optical Purcell effect in plasmonic systems affects the NV spin readout signal and present the demonstration of this readout through optical plasmons in an integrated nanophotonic interface. We will show that spin relaxometry is a powerful tool that allows to probe the magnonic density of states and its electrical tuning with sub-um spatial resolution. Furthermore, we will discuss how spin signal readout sensitivity can be enhanced with the use of plasmonic nanostructures deterministically assembled on the nanoscale.

DOI
10.1117/12.2588371

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Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have been long used for spin-based optical sensing and also considered viable candidates for implementing quantum information protocols using their spin degree of freedom. Their nanoscale size and the possibility of optical spin readout make them particularly attractive for the use in integrated nanophotonic and quantum optical devices. We will discuss how the optical Purcell effect in plasmonic systems affects the NV spin readout signal and present the demonstration of this readout through optical plasmons in an integrated nanophotonic interface. We will show that spin relaxometry is a powerful tool that allows to probe the magnonic density of states and its electrical tuning with sub-um spatial resolution. Furthermore, we will discuss how spin signal readout sensitivity can be enhanced with the use of plasmonic nanostructures deterministically assembled on the nanoscale.
Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have been long used for spin-based optical sensing and considered viable candidates for implementing spin-based quantum information protocols. Their unique advantages include their nanoscale size and the optical readout of the electron spin state. These features make them particularly fit for the use in integrated nanophotonic and quantum optical devices. We will discuss how the optical Purcell effect in plasmonic systems affects the NV spin readout signal and present the demonstration of this readout through optical plasmons in an integrated nanophotonic interface. We will show that spin relaxometry is a powerful tool that allows to probe the magnonic density of states and its electrical tuning with sub-um spatial resolution. Furthermore, we will discuss how spin signal readout sensitivity can be enhanced with the use of plasmonic nanostructures and Bayesian measurement methods.
Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond allow coherent spin state manipulation and optical readout at room temperature, which has powerful applications in nanoscale sensing. Nanophotonic structures such as plasmonic waveguides, nanoantennae, metamaterials, and metasurfaces can enhance the detected fluorescence rate from such broadband emitters. The fluorescence of the coupled emitter is directed into confined plasmonic modes with high photonic density of states. However, an accurate spin readout requires both high photon counts and a strong contrast between the spin states, both of which can be influenced by the Purcell effect. We introduce a novel method for measuring the spin contrast in large nitrogen-vacancy ensembles. We use this method to study how the photonic density of states must be engineered in order to minimize the uncertainty of spin readout in dense NV ensembles. We describe these results using a kinetic model of the nitrogen-vacancy’s internal dynamics.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been used in recent years for a wide range of applications, from nanoscale NMR to quantum computation. These applications depend strongly on the efficient readout of the NV center's spin state, which is currently limited. Here we suggest a method of reading the NV center's spin state, using the weak optical transition in the singlet manifold. We numerically calculate the number of photons collected from each spin state using this technique, and show that an order of magnitude enhancement in spin-readout signal-to-noise ratio is expected, making single-shot spin readout within reach. Thus, this method could lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity for ubiquitous NV-based sensing applications, and remove a major obstacle from using NVs for quantum information processing.
Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond allow for coherent spin-state manipulation at room temperature, which could bring dramatic advances to nanoscale sensing and quantum information technology. We introduce a method for the optical measurement of the spin contrast in dense nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles. This method brings insight into the interplay between the spin contrast and fluorescence lifetime. We show that for improving the spin readout sensitivity in NV ensembles, one should aim at modifying the far-field radiation pattern rather than enhancing the emission rate.
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond have emerged as promising quantum solid-state systems, with applications ranging from quantum information processing to magnetic sensing. One of the most useful properties of NVs is the ability to read their ground-state spin projection optically at room temperature. In this work we consider the effect of the Purcell enhancement on the ability to initialize the NV state and analyze the effect to imperfect initialization on the measurement SNR. We demonstrate that even with feasible initial conditions the combined increase in spontaneous emission (through Purcell enhancement) and in optical excitation could significantly increase the readout SNR.