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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology

Acceleration noise-proof scheme for large mass interferometry

Sougato Bose

Published Mar 4, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Large mass, large splitting and long duration matter wave interferometry in unprecedented regimes is necessary for revealing the quantum nature of gravity in the laboratory, as well as for extreme sensing. In this talk I first explain these two applications along with the domain required, namely, micron sized crystals in superposed states separated by 10 microns. Then we will show how one of two principal sources of noise in the system -- noninertial acceleration noise and gravity gradient noise (Newtonian noise) can be mitigated in such systems, to enable one to create and verify superpositions in the above mentioned scales.

DOI
10.1117/12.2588443

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gr-qcCross-listedarXiv:2609.35962•Sep 30, 2026
Large mass, large splitting and long duration matter wave interferometry in unprecedented regimes is necessary for revealing the quantum nature of gravity in the laboratory, as well as for extreme sensing. In this talk I first explain these two applications along with the domain required, namely, micron sized crystals in superposed states separated by 10 microns. Then we will show how one of two principal sources of noise in the system -- noninertial acceleration noise and gravity gradient noise (Newtonian noise) can be mitigated in such systems, to enable one to create and verify superpositions in the above mentioned scales.
Relative accelerations between a mass undergoing matter-wave interference and the associated apparatus, when not tracked, can appear as dephasing. It can be an important limiting factor in interferometry with large masses. Here we advocate taking conceptually the simplest solution: putting both the interfering mass and its associated apparatus in a freely falling capsule, so that the strongest inertial noise components vanish due to the equivalence principle. In this setting, we investigate two of the most important remaining noise sources: (a) the non-inertial jitter of the experimental setup which arises through gas collisions and photon scattering on the experimental apparatus as well as the walls of the enclosing capsule, and (b) the gravity-gradient noise, namely the fluctuating curvature change in a finite sized capsule arising from any untracked motion of external masses. We show that the former can be reduced below desired values by appropriate pressures and temperatures, while the latter can be fully mitigated in a controlled environment. We finally apply the analysis to a recent proposal for testing the quantum nature of gravity [S. Bose et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett 119, 240401 (2017)] through the entanglement of two masses undergoing interferometry. We show that the relevant entanglement witnessing is feasible in a freely falling capsule with achievable levels of relative acceleration noise.
In this white paper, we highlight the importance of the (1−10 Hz1-10~{\rm Hz}1−10 Hz) frequency range for laboratory tests of the quantum nature of gravity using the quantum gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) protocol. QGEM requires matter-wave interferometers with masses (m∼10−15−10−14 kgm\sim10^{-15}-10^{-14}~{\rm kg}m∼10−15−10−14 kg), brought within separations (d∼30−50 μmd\sim30-50~μ{\rm m}d∼30−50 μm), while maintaining spatial superpositions of (1−20 μm1-20~μ{\rm m}1−20 μm) and coherence for (τ∼0.1−1 sτ\sim 0.1 - 1~{\rm s}τ∼0.1−1 s). These requirements make low-frequency environmental noise a central experimental challenge and place QGEM in a regime closely related to the low-frequency goals of the Einstein Telescope (ET) and the Cosmic Explorer (CE). In particular, QGEM is sensitive to relative acceleration noise (RAN) and to gravity-gradient noise (GGN) generated by seismic and other environmental mass-density fluctuations. For representative parameters m=10−14 kgm=10^{-14}~{\rm kg}m=10−14 kg, Δx=10 μmΔx=10~μ{\rm m}Δx=10 μm, and τ=1 sτ=1~{\rm s}τ=1 s, the differential acceleration-noise amplitude spectral density must be suppressed well below the 10−15 m s−2/Hz10^{-15}~{\rm m\,s^{-2}/\sqrt{Hz}}10−15 ms−2/Hz​ level to keep acceleration-induced dephasing below the relevant experimental scale. Achieving this level of low-frequency noise suppression is therefore a key requirement for QGEM and closely parallels the seismic and gravity-gradient noise challenges that ET and CE address.
Matter-wave interferometry is highly susceptible to inertial acceleration noises arising from the vibration of the experimental apparatus. There are various methods for noise suppression. In this paper, we propose leveraging the cross-correlation of multidirectional vibration noises to mitigate their dephasing effect in matter-wave interferometers. Specifically, we analyze an interferometer driven by its internal state under an external field and examine the dephasing caused by a two-dimensional random inertial force. As we will demonstrate, the coupling between the two-dimensional inertial force noise components will shift the resonance peak but not change the shape of the power spectral density. Moreover, when the noise approximately resonates with the intrinsic frequency of the test mass, we find that the standard deviation of the phase can be suppressed by a factor roughly equal to the Q factor of the noise. This technique holds significant potential for future gravity experiments utilizing quantum sensors, such as measuring gravitational acceleration and exploring quantum entanglement induced by gravity.
Matter-wave interferometry is highly susceptible to inertial acceleration noises arising from the vibration of the experimental apparatus. There are various methods for noise suppression. In this paper, we propose leveraging the cross-correlation of multi-directional vibration noises to mitigate their dephasing effect in matter-wave interferometers. Specifically, we analyse an interferometer driven by its internal state under an external field and examine the dephasing caused by a two-dimensional random inertial force. As we will demonstrate, the coupling between the two-dimensional inertial force noise components will shift the resonance peak but not change the shape of the power spectral density. Moreover, when the noise approximately resonates with the intrinsic frequency of the test mass, we find that the standard deviation of the phase can be suppressed by a factor roughly equal to the Q-factor of the noise. This technique holds significant potential for future gravity experiments utilising quantum sensors, such as measuring gravitational acceleration and exploring quantum entanglement induced by gravity.
The detection of gravitational waves in the low-frequency band (10 nHz to 1 micro-Hz) using inner solar system proof masses is severely limited by Newtonian gravity gradient noise (GGN) sourced by the asteroid belt. In this paper, we propose a novel detection concept that exploits the relativistic nature of gravitational waves to break the degeneracy between the signal and the asteroid GGN background. The non-relativistic motion of asteroids dominantly sources gravito-electric fields, with velocity suppressed gravito-magnetic components. Relativistic gravitational waves produce gravito-electric and gravito-magnetic components of equal magnitude. We propose detecting the gravito-magnetic component of low frequency gravitational waves using the Lorentz acceleration of test bodies. The measurement of this Lorentz acceleration is metrologically possible due to the fact that expected astrophysical sources of low frequency gravitational waves have considerably higher characteristic strains than the strains typically expected at higher frequencies. We show that this measurement allows for unambiguous extraction of the gravitational wave signal from the gravity gradient noise in a three satellite constellation. The gravito-magnetic measurement still requires a proof mass that is well isolated from non-gravitational noise. We propose the use of atom interferometers to serve as such a pristine inertial reference.