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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics with Superconducting Artificial Giant Atoms

Bharath Kannan, Max Josef Ruckriegel, Daniel Campbell, Anton Frisk Kockum, Jochen Braumüller, David K. Kim, Morten Kjærgaard, Philip Krantz, Alexander J. Melville, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Antti P. Vepsäläinen, Roni Winik, Jonilyn Yoder, Franco Nori, Terry P. Orlando, Simon Gustavsson, William D. Oliver

Published Mar 17, 2021• 0 citations
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In quantum computing, precise control of system-environment coupling is essential for high-fidelity gates, measurements, and networking. We present an architecture that employs an artificial giant atom from waveguide quantum electrodynamics to tailor the interaction between a superconducting qubit and its environment. This frequency-tunable giant atom exhibits both frequency and power selectivity for photons: when resonant with the qubit, it reflects single photons emitted from the qubit while remaining transparent to strong microwave signals for readout and control. This approach surpasses the Purcell limit and significantly extends the qubit's lifetime by ten times while maintaining the readout speed, thereby improving both gate operations and readout. Our architecture holds promise for bridging circuit and waveguide quantum electrodynamics systems in quantum technology applications.
Experiments utilizing quantum optics have progressed rapidly in last few decades, particularly in the context of quantum computation, simulation, and communication. Early work in this field focused on implementations of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), where atoms, either natural or artificial, are strongly coupled to the confined photonic modes of cavities. However, in recent years, achieving strong coupling between atoms and itinerant photons has also gained significant interest for its applications in quantum networking. To this end, many atomic platforms are attempting to realize the waveguide QED architecture: atoms that interact with the continua of propagating photonic modes within a waveguide. In this thesis, we realize the strong-coupling regime of a waveguide QED architecture by coupling superconducting artificial atoms, typically operated as qubits, to one-dimensional transmission lines. We first demonstrate that superconducting qubits in a waveguide QED system can be used as high-quality quantum emitters. We then leverage the quantum interference between the simultaneous emission from multiple qubits in order to generate non-classical, spatially entangled, and directional itinerant microwave photons. These types of photons are particularly useful for remote entanglement and quantum communication protocols. Finally, we demonstrate that superconducting qubits can be engineered to enter novel regimes of light-matter interactions that are difficult, or even impossible, to achieve in other atomic platforms. In particular, we realize the giant-atom regime of waveguide QED, where the atom can no longer be treated as a point-like object. We use our giant atoms to implement tunable atom-waveguide couplings, as well as decoherence-free waveguide-mediated interactions between multiple atoms.
Describing systems of superconducting atoms coupled to a continuum of photonic modes at multiple separated locations in a waveguide, waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED) with giant atoms has emerged as a promising platform for realizing quantum interconnect. Such systems have been reported to exhibit rich phenomena that differ from those of natural atoms. Going beyond the widely used Born-Markov and Wigner-Weisskopf approximations, we investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of one and two giant atoms interacting with a waveguide formed by an array of coupled resonators. We discover that the diverse dynamical behaviors of the giant atoms are intrinsically determined by the energy spectrum of the composite system consisting of the giant atoms and the photonic modes in the waveguide. As long as one and more bound states are present in the energy spectrum, their excited-state probabilities, respectively, tend to stable finite values and lossless Rabi-like oscillations with frequencies proportional to the differences of the bound-state eigenenergies. Our result provides an insightful guideline for suppressing the decoherence of giant atoms and facilitates the development of quantum interconnect devices using giant-atom waveguide QED.