Fearnley (2020, Ref. 2) shows that if positrons, the antiparticles of electrons, travel backwards in time then the Bell’s Theorem experiment correlation result (Wikipedia, Ref. 5) can be achieved using classical physics calculations. This would involve a mundane bypassing of the Bell Inequalities instead of a spooky breaking of them. Fearnley (Aug. 2018, Ref. 7 and July 2018, Ref.8) and Farnes (Dec. 2018, Ref. 9) show that particles with negative mass can explain gravitationally both dark energy and dark matter. The current paper brings together these two models in one place and gives an antiparticle with negative mass and also travelling backwards in time. In this paper the idea is raised of a specialised type of space to be the environment of antiparticles, where the space occupied by antiparticles is an opposite-handed (geometric algebra) space to the space occupied by particles. The universe as a whole occupies the same handedness of space as does particles. Time runs backwards in the space of antiparticles compared with the direction of time for the universe and for particles.
Fearnley (2020, Ref. 2) shows that if positrons, the antiparticles of electrons, travel backwards in time then the Bell’s Theorem experiment correlation result (Wikipedia, Ref. 5) can be achieved using classical physics calculations. This would involve a mundane bypassing of the Bell Inequalities instead of a spooky breaking of them. Fearnley (Aug. 2018, Ref. 7 and July 2018, Ref.8) and Farnes (Dec. 2018, Ref. 9) show that particles with negative mass can explain gravitationally both dark energy and dark matter. The current paper brings together these two models in one place and gives an antiparticle with negative mass and also travelling backwards in time. In this paper the idea is raised of a specialised type of space to be the environment of antiparticles, where the space occupied by antiparticles is an opposite-handed (geometric algebra) space to the space occupied by particles. The universe as a whole occupies the same handedness of space as does particles. Time runs backwards in the space of antiparticles compared with the direction of time for the universe and for particles.
ABSTRACT THE QUANTUM AS BACKWARDS TIME, AND HOW THIS PERMITS A FIRST-EVER WORKING ALGEBRAIC QUANTUM GRAVITY By Jonathan Deutsch Backwards time is inferred to exist from the superluminal implications of the universe’s proven non-locality. It exists as well in the standard quantum-mechanical formalism as an “advanced solution” to the Schrodinger wave equation. Regrettably, backwards time is ignored by most physicists, students, and by the general public. Very, very recently, however, careful experiments performed in Europe have confirmed the existence of backwards time in certain quantum situations. But nature makes absolutely no distinction at all between the quantum and the classical realms! Therefore, it won’t be long before backwards time is experimentally confirmed for you and I. We begin by creating and then using three original postulates: 1)The deBroglie wavelength (in centimeters) associated with the proton is really equal to –1. 2)The mass of the proton (in grams) is really equal to +1. 3)The time (In seconds) it takes light to travel the deBroglie wavelength associated with the proton is really equal to i, the square root of –1. With these three postulates, we demonstrate that the quantum, h, could really be a unit of backwards time. The inscrutability of quantum mechanics would then be seen as entirely due to the inscrutability of backwards time. We then combine Newton’s equation for universal gravity with the three postulates to create the first algebraic equation for quantum gravity that works for planets, quanta and everything in-between. The new gravity equation contains four elements: 1)The tiny quantum, h 2)The minute deBroglie wavelength associated with the proton 3)The miniscule time it takes light to travel that distance 4)A variable - - a coefficient for h - - that’s actually composite “quantum Newton”! We then demonstrate that this new equation magically reproduces, exactly, Newton’s classical gravity results! We begin to realize that the quantum, h, lies hidden in EVERY classical equation - - gravity, electromagnetism, etc. Therefore, classical physics becomes fully quantized too, uniting for the first time the very large - - classical physics, including gravity - - with the very small - - quantum physics - - into one essentially indivisible whole. We conclude by seeing that spacetime is the universe’s prime mover. Though invisible, it is physically real and powerful enough to create all the matter and all the gravity in the entire universe. What’s thought of as the geometric backdrop for matter is really the creator of it as well. Matter affects (warps) spacetime causatively in the forwards time-direction in Einstein’s General Relativity. And spacetime affects (creates) matter in the backwards time-direction equally significantly. Thus, a completely new window to understanding matter and gravity is opened up to us. But the outstanding feature of all this is backwards time - - a healing backwards time. Does the omnipresent existence of backwards time hold out any hope that we can get younger as we age? We strongly believe that such is the case, both quantumly and at the human, macro level. Older and younger simultaneously IS very quantum-like, after all. Could they somehow be EQUIVALENT? Again, we strongly believe that the answer is in the affirmative, and is mathematically provable! I encourage readers to respond in the Disqus comment section on the Abstract page. Or contact me personally at spqrwin@outlook.com. I will reply to all. My next article, to be published in March or April, intends to remove quantum contradictions by proving that supposed opposites are really identical. KEYWORDS Advanced solution: a backwards-time solution Backwards time: time running in reverse, from present to past; future to present; or future to past. This can be continuously, or discontinuously - - i.e., JUMPING to a much earlier time. c: the speed of light Classical physics: the science and mathematics of relatively large entities - - e.g., apples, people and planets. It also includes electromagnetism (See Entry.) Coefficient: the number (amount) of something, e.g., for 5 quanta (5h), the number “5”. A coefficient needn’t be a whole number, but it is, or should be, a positive number. deBroglie wavelength: the wavelength associated with every particle, according to Prince Louis deBroglie, famous 20th-century theoretical quantum physicist. Whether or not this deBroglie wavelength is physically real or not is a matter of some dispute, but the consensus leans toward the negative. Electromagnetism: the classical science of visible light and of invisible rays such as X-rays, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays. Electromagnetism has a quantum counterpart. General Relativity: Einstein’s theory of gravity (See the Entry for Gravity.) Its two essential ideas are: 1)Gravity is acceleration, not a force. 2)Gravity is matter warping (curving) spacetime, rather than “spooky action at a distance” - - one piece of matter affecting another without touching it. Gravity: for Newton, the attractive force between any two pieces of matter. For Einstein, it’s the warping (curving) of spacetime, caused by the presence of matter. h: the quantum of action, also known as Planck’s constant. It is absolutely central to all of quantum physics. Newton’s equation for universal gravity: the product of the two masses involved, divided by the square of the distance between them, multiplied by the strength of gravity. Non-locality: the proven fact that our world is supported by an invisible reality which links all points in space, making extremely large distances seem “on top of each other” - - i.e., very small. This means that SOME form of communication faster than light-speed exists, implying that backwards time exists for our whole universe. Non-locality does not diminish with distance. Postulate: an assumption, at least initially unproven. Our theory contains just four - - all eventually proven true. Quantized: measured in quanta - - i.e., in units of h (See Entry for h.) - - measured discontinuously, in little “chunks” or “packets”. Quantum gravity: the as-yet unaccomplished union of Einstein’s theory of gravity - - General Relativity - - and quantum mechanics. We firmly believe that our theory takes a huge first step in this direction. Quantum mechanics: that area of quantum physics which deals with the motion of extremely small subatomic particles. Quantum physics: the science and mathematics of very small subatomic particles - - e.g., protons, electrons, neutrons and neutrinos - - and their antiparticles. Schrodinger’s wave equation: the quantum mechanics equation that many physicists consider to be the only physical reality in the universe. Some physicists even believe that THIS is not physically real either. Superluminal: faster than light-speed. Unitless: a “pure” number - - e.g., 20.5 - - as opposed to 20.5 CENTIMETERS, in units Universal G: the strength of gravity - - a universal constant Variable: an entity with two or more possible values, as opposed to a constant which has one value. Variables are heavily used in algebra.
The notion of temporal and spatial interactions exists in Newtonian mechanics and we suggest it is useful to compare the two as they differ even though time and x are both considered co-ordinates of spacetime. In particular, space has two directions for every spatial co-ordinate (positive and negative) and so one may move backwards in space. This is associated with a force which may be positive or negative. Even though one may write a spatial equation in terms of energy, if kinetic energy becomes zero due to a negative force, then after this, the particle moves in the negative direction. As a result, one has a potential or interaction energy V(x) which is linked to force = -grad V(r). (We only consider V(x), not V(x,t) here). Things are different with interactions which take place in time only, even though these too may be considered in terms of energy. In general, these seem to be more statistical in nature. In particular, a bound system may absorb a photon. This is an interaction in time, but all subsequent interactions are in increasing time. There is no going backwards in time. An excited state may lose energy or gain more energy. There is an interaction, but no force backwards in time. In such a case, the energy of the photons is their state energy , while V(x) is not a state energy of the system creating it. For example, a charged particle has a V(r) = -kq/r, but its state energy is .5 eo Electric field dot Electric field, where Electric field = -grad V(r). One may already see differences in time interactions in classical statistical mechanics even if a V(x) exists. As a result, of the differences between positive and negative motion in x and only positive motion in t, one may have a localized particle in space and this leads to boundary conditions which yield discrete energy levels. At the same time, a distribution in free particles p’s in the wavefunction W(x) = Sum over p a(p)exp(ipx) leads to a spatial distribution W*(x)W(x). At the same time, interactions in time (with photons for example), lead to a distribution in atom states in the wavefunction, W(x,t) = Sum over n exp(-En/T) Wn(x) and a time distribution Integral dx W*(x,t)W(x,t).
It is brought forward that viable theories of the physical world that have no variable at all that can play the role of time, do not exist; some notion of time is one of the very first ingredients a candidate theory should possess. Almost by definition, time has an arrow. In contrast, time reversibility, or even the possibility to run the equations of motion backwards in time, is not at all a primary requirement. This means that the direction of the arrow of time may well be uniquely defined in the theory, even locally. It is explained that a rigorous definition of time, as well as a formulation of the causality and locality concepts, can only be given when one has a model for the physical phenomena described. The only viable causality condition is one that is symmetric under time reversal. We explain these statements in terms of the author’s favoured deterministic cellular automaton interpretation of quantum mechanics, also to be referred to as 'vector space analysis', and expand on these ideas. It is also summarised how our more rigorous causality condition affects Bell’s theorems. What distinguishes quantum systems from classical ones is our fundamental inability to control the microscopic details of the initial state when phenomena are studied in the light of some theoretical model.
Time-symmetric theory (TST) is formulated as a theoretical foundation of time-symmetric physics (TSP), classical, relativistic and quantum. TST is based on the widely used in particle physics fact that the description of positive energy antiparticles moving forward in space and time is equivalent to the description of negative energy particles moving backward in space and time (Zisman 1940, Stückelberg 1941, Feynman 1949). In TST, this fundamental fact is generalized by formulating the equivalence principle of particle physics and applying it to all physical phenomena in the rest frames of negative energy particles. As a result, the group of transformations TST also includes such inertial frames that move backward in space and time with coordinates related to the ordinary ones by 4-inversion. This led to the formulation of time-symmetric relativity theory and corresponding relativistic quantum mechanics. In the latter, the probabilities remain positive, but the bilinear forms of the wave functions are associated with probability flows, the signs of which depend on the direction of movement along the coordinate axes, including the time axis. In TST, therefore, the Klein-Gordon equation is a consistent equation for probability amplitudes, and the fermion theory contains the necessary corrections, which make it physically more consistent, unchanging its main observational consequences. Applications of TST to quantum fields will be considered in the second article.
The quantum world is allegedly strange. But is it? What if there’s a simple mathematical explanation, and a simple solution? The success of quantum mechanics (QM) arises from the accuracy of its probability predictions, which are obtained by squaring amplitudes (the Born rule). Suppose for a moment that nature uses the negative of QM’s equations. When squared they would yield the same probabilities, confirmed by the same experiments and technological triumphs. If that were true, if nature uses the negative of QM’s equations, then the quantum world would become transparent, easy to understand. No more Schrödinger’s-cat. No quantum-eraser. No backwards-in-time cause-and-effect. No paradoxes nor enigmas. But, what’s a negative quantum equation? It could mean that particles follow zero-energy waves backwards, instead of forwards. That’s still an eccentric idea, a residual strangeness. Overall, it’s a bargain. We could swap one odd idea for another, because wave-particle duality is odd. We are accustomed to wave-particle duality. But we’ll show that experiments support the other arrangement: quantum particles follow zero-energy waves backwards. How could that possibly be true? We present substantial experimental evidence, new mathematics, and six dozen colorful illustrations. This is the Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW).