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A Dissipative Tonks-Girardeau Gas of Molecules

Dürr, Stephan, Syassen, Niels, Bauer, Dominik M., Lettner, Matthias, Thomas Volz, Dietze, Daniel, García-Ripoll, Juan J., J. I. Cirac

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

Strongly correlated states in many-body systems are traditionally created using elastic interparticle interactions. Here we show that inelastic interactions between particles can also drive a system into the strongly correlated regime. This is shown by an experimental realization of a specific strongly correlated system, namely a one-dimensional molecular Tonks-Girardeau gas.

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Strongly correlated states in many-body systems are traditionally created using elastic interparticle interactions. Here we show that inelastic interactions between particles can also drive a system into the strongly correlated regime. This is shown by an experimental realization of a specific strongly correlated system, namely a one-dimensional molecular Tonks-Girardeau gas.
We show that strong inelastic interactions between bosons in one dimension create a Tonks-Girardeau gas, much as in the case of elastic interactions. We derive a Markovian master equation that describes the loss caused by the inelastic collisions. This yields a loss rate equation and a dissipative Lieb-Liniger model for short times. We obtain an analytic expression for the pair correlation function in the limit of strong dissipation. Numerical calculations show how a diverging dissipation strength leads to a vanishing of the actual loss rate and renders an additional elastic part of the interaction irrelevant.
Atomic quantum gases in the strong-correlation regime offer unique possibilities to explore a variety of many-body quantum phenomena. Reaching this regime has usually required both strong elastic and weak inelastic interactions because the latter produce losses. We show that strong inelastic collisions can actually inhibit particle losses and drive a system into a strongly correlated regime. Studying the dynamics of ultracold molecules in an optical lattice confined to one dimension, we show that the particle loss rate is reduced by a factor of 10. Adding a lattice along the one dimension increases the reduction to a factor of 2000. Our results open the possibility to observe exotic quantum many-body phenomena with systems that suffer from strong inelastic collisions.
This thesis reports on experiments with ultracold atomic and molecular quantum gases. Magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances are used to associate diatomic molecules from atomic 87Rb in a three-dimensional optical lattice. In a first experiment, molecules are formed by a sudden jump of the magnetic field to the resonance. This induces coherent atom-molecule oscillations with large amplitude. In another experiment, a dissipative analog of the one-dimensional Tonks-Girardeau gas is realized with molecules in an optical lattice. Inelastic collisions between the molecules lead to particle loss. This interaction is so strong that the system reaches the strongly correlated regime, and the molecules, which are bosons, are forced to behave much like fermions. The strong correlations suppress the molecule loss rate by up to three orders of magnitude.
A significant feature of the one-dimensional super Tonks-Girardeau gas is its metastable gas-like state with a stronger Fermi-like pressure than for free fermions which prevents a collapse of atoms. This naturally suggests a way to search for such strongly correlated behavior in systems of interacting fermions in one dimension. We thus show that the strongly attractive Fermi gas without polarization can be effectively described by a super Tonks-Girardeau gas composed of bosonic Fermi pairs with attractive pair-pair interaction. A natural description of such super Tonks-Girardeau gases is provided by Haldane generalized exclusion statistics. In particular, they are equivalent to ideal particles obeying more exclusive statistics than Fermi-Dirac statistics.
We consider a homogeneous 1D Bose gas with contact interactions and a large attractive coupling constant. This system can be realized in tight waveguides by exploiting a confinement induced resonance of the effective 1D scattering amplitude. By using the diffusion Monte Carlo method we show that, for small densities, the gaslike state is well described by a gas of hard rods. The critical density for cluster formation is estimated using the variational Monte Carlo method. The behavior of the correlation functions and of the frequency of the lowest breathing mode for harmonically trapped systems shows that the gas is more strongly correlated than in the Tonks-Girardeau regime.