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Asia Communications and Photonics Conference

1.25 Gb/s Correlated Random Bit Generation Over 200 km Using Electro-Optic Hybrid Chaotic Entropy Source

Yudi Fu, Chenkun Luo, Mengfan Cheng, Yetao Chen, Weidong Shao, Hanwen Luo, Lei Deng, Deming Liu

Published Jan 1, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

1.25 Gb/s Correlated random bit sequences are generated over 200-km fiber using synchronized electro-optic hybrid chaotic entropy sources. High-quality synchronization is realized by the coordination of digital synchronization strategy and neural network.
DOI
10.1364/acpc.2020.m4a.313

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We experimentally demonstrate a chaotic synchronization scheme based on the electro-optic hybrid entropy sources. The chaos synchronization method is experimentally validated that 200 km high-level chaos synchronization can be attained and the distance can be further extended. The digital signal induced chaos synchronization signal has good robustness against the potential distortions in long-haul optical transmission. On the basis of the digital signal induced chaos synchronization strategy, a correlated random bit generation (CRBG) scheme with bit rate of 1.25 Gb/s and distance of 200 km is proposed. The generated correlated random bit sequences (CRBSs) pass all the NIST tests. Meanwhile, a data encryption scheme based on the robust chaos synchronization method is proposed with low computation complexity. The synchronization signal, in which the encrypted data is embedded, maintains the strength in long-haul transmission. The strong robustness of the scheme under parameter mismatch is numerically analyzed. These propositions show great potential in the field of secure communication, especially the long-haul scenario.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, private correlated random bit generation (CRBG) scheme based on commonly driven induced synchronization of two wideband physical entropy sources, which employs an open-loop distributed feedback laser followed by a hybrid electro-optic nonlinear transformation hardware module for effective bandwidth expansion and privacy enhancement. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer followed by an electro-optic self-feedback phase modulation loop as well as a dispersion element are constructed as a private hardware module to perform post-processing and nonlinear transformation of the synchronized signal. A record high rate of 5.2-Gb/s CRBG is successfully achieved between two synchronized wideband physical entropy sources with an enhanced entropy source rate and hardware key space. The demonstrated scheme may provide a new way for CRBG in future high speed secure communication systems.
Random numbers have great application value in the fields of secure communications, which are commonly used as secret keys to encrypt the information. To guarantee that the information is absolutely secure in the current high-speed communication, the applied random keys should possess a generation speed not less than the encrypted data rate, according to one-time pad theory found by Shannon (Shannon C E 1949 Bell.Syst.Tech.J. 28 656) Pseudo-random numbers generated by algorithm may easily reach a fast speed, but a certain periodicity makes them difficult to meet the aforementioned demand of information security. Utilizing physical stochastic phenomena can provide reliable random numbers, called physical random number generators (RNGs). However, limited by the bandwidth of the conventional physical sources such as electronic noise, frequency jitter of oscillator and quantum randomness, the traditional physical RNG has a generation speed at a level of Mb/s typically. Therefore, real-time and ultrafast physical random number generation is urgently required from the view of absolute security for high-speed communication today. With the advent of wideband photonic entropy sources, in recent years lots of schemes for high-speed random number generation are proposed. Among them, chaotic laser has received great attention due to its ultra-wide bandwidth and large random fluctuation of intensity. The real-time speed of physical RNG based on chaotic laser is now limited under 5 Gb/s, although the reported RNG claims that an ultrafast speed of Tb/s is possible in theory. The main issues that restrict the real-time speed of RNG based on chaotic laser are from two aspects. The first aspect is electrical jitter bottleneck confronted by the electrical analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Specifically, most of the methods of extracting random numbers are first to convert the chaotic laser into an electrical signal by a photo-detector, then use an electrical ADC driven by radio frequency (RF) clock to sample and quantify the chaotic signal in electronic domain. Unfortunately, the response rate of ADC is below Gb/s restricted by the aperture jitter (several picoseconds) of RF clock in the sample and hold circuit. The second aspect comes from the complex post-processes, which are fundamental in current RNG techniques to realize a good randomness. The strict synchronization among post-processing components (e.g., XOR gates, memory buffers, high-order difference) is controlled by an RF clock. Similarly, it is also an insurmountable obstacle to achieve an accurate synchronization due to the electronic jitter of the RF clock. In this paper, we propose a method of ultrafast multi-bit physical RNG based on chaotic laser without any post-process. In this method, a train of optical pulses generated by a GHz mode-locked laser with low temporal jitter at a level of fs is used as an optical sampling clock. The chaotic laser is sampled in the optical domain through a low switching energy and high-linearity terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD) sampler, which is a fiber loop with an asymmetrical nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifier. Then, the peak amplitude of each sampled chaotic pulse is digitized by a multi-bit comparator (i.e., a multi-bit ADC without sample and hold circuit) and converted into random numbers directly. Specifically, a proof-of-principle experiment is executed to demonstrate the aforementioned proposed method. In this experiment, an optical feedback chaotic laser is used, which has a bandwidth of 6 GHz. Through setting a sampling rate to be 5 GSa/s and selecting 4 LSBs outputs of the 8-bit comparator, 20 Gb/s (=5 GSa/s4 LSBs) physical random number sequences are obtained. Considering the ultrafast response rate of TOAD sampler, the speed of random numbers generated by this method has the potential to reach several hundreds of Gb/s as long as the used chaotic laser has a sufficient bandwidth.
With the widespread application of big data, the amount of data transmitted through optical networks has been increasing dramatically. Correlated random bit generation (CRBG) is one of the key technologies in secure communication systems to ensure security performance and transmission efficiency. We propose and demonstrate a CRBG scheme based on a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) electro-optic feedback loop to improve the security and speed of communication systems. In this scheme, common-signal-induced synchronization is accomplished to generate wideband complex physical entropy sources, and a private hardware module is employed to perform post-processing and nonlinear transformation of the synchronized signal. The simulation results show that the effective bandwidth of the output chaotic signal is significantly increased to 27.76 GHz, and high-quality synchronization with a correlation coefficient of over 0.98 is reached. A high-rate CRBG of up to 5.3 Gb/s is successfully achieved between two synchronized wideband physical entropy sources, and the hardware key space is enhanced to ∼242, which greatly improves the privacy of physical entropy sources. The proposed scheme provides a promising approach for high-speed private CRBG, which is expected to be used in high-speed secure key distribution and optical communication systems.
Chaotic light generated by optical feedback semiconductor laser is employed as entropy source. We experimentally obtain random bit sequences of different rates by using a series of processing on chaotic signals, such as photoelectric conversion, analog-digital conversion, and exclusive OR operation. Based on the principle, we develop a 2.5 Gbit/s physical random bit generator prototype which can steadily run for a long time. It can generate random bit sequence at 155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s, 1.25 Gbit/s, 2.5 Gbit/s and so on, whose rates are consistent with the current communication rates. All random bit sequences with different bit rates pass all of the NIST statistical tests. The generated random bits will be used as high-speed real-time physical keys for the one-time padding secure communication.