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Acta Physica Sinica

Properties of Wigner function of spin coherent states based on Schwinger Bose operator realization

Song Jun, Fan Hong‐Yi

Published Jan 1, 2010• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on the Schwinger Bose operator realization of angular momentum, we introduce the entangled state representation as well as the Wigner operator in such representation and then derive the Wigner quasiprobability function of spin coherent states. The properties of corresponding Wigner function in the phase space are discussed by numerical calculation. The results indicate that the spin coherent states based on Schwinger Bose operator realization actually show entanglement properties.

DOI
10.7498/aps.59.6806

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Based on the Schwinger Bose operator realization of angular momentum, we introduce the entangled state representation as well as the Wigner operator in such representation and then derive the Wigner quasiprobability function of spin coherent states. The properties of corresponding Wigner function in the phase space are discussed by numerical calculation. The results indicate that the spin coherent states based on Schwinger Bose operator realization actually show entanglement properties.
We present a quasiprobability distribution function for ensembles of spin-half particles or qubits that has many properties in common with Wigner's original function for systems of continuous variables. We show that this function provides clear and intuitive graphical representation of a wide variety of states, including Fock states, spin-coherent states, squeezed states, superpositions, and statistical mixtures. The distribution is capable of simultaneously representing several angular momentum shells.
Starting from Wigner's definition of the function named now after him we systematically develop different representation of this quasiprobability with emphasis on symmetric representations concerning the canonical variables ( ) , q p of phase space and using the known relation to the parity operator.One of the representations is by means of the Laguerre 2D polynomials which is particularly effective in quantum optics.For the coherent states we show that their Fourier transforms are again coherent states.We calculate the Wigner quasiprobability to the eigenstates of a particle in a square well with infinitely high impenetrable walls which is not smooth in the spatial coordinate and vanishes outside the wall boundaries.It is not well suited for the calculation of expectation values.A great place takes on the calculation of the Wigner quasiprobability for coherent phase states in quantum optics which is essentially new.We show that an unorthodox entire function plays there a role in most formulae which makes all calculations difficult.The Wigner quasiprobability for coherent phase states is calculated and graphically represented but due to the involved unorthodox function it may be considered only as illustration and is not suited for the calculation of expectation values.By another approach via the number representation of the states and using the recently developed summation formula by means of Generalized Eulerian numbers it becomes possible to calculate in approximations with good convergence the basic expectation values, in particular, the basic uncertainties which are additionally represented in graphics.Both considered examples, the square well and the coherent phase states, belong to systems with ( ) 1,1 SU symmetry with the same index 1 2 k = of unitary irreducible representations.
The Wigner quasiprobability, along with some of its essentialproperties, is introduced and discussed in two versions, first covering real canonical variables such as W(q,p) and second a pair of complex conjugate coordinates such as W(α,α*). The reconstruction of the density operator ϱ of states is also given. Building upon the Susskind–Glogower concept of quantum phase operators, further aspects of phase operator algebras in the quantum optics of a harmonic oscillator are discussed in relation to the realization of the su(1,1) Lie algebra. Coherent phase states |ε⟩ are introduced in analogy to the common coherent states |α⟩ in two ways, as both eigenstates of certain operators and as states generated from a ground state |0⟩ by operators of the Lie group SU(1,1). The limiting transition to the non-normalizable Fritz London phase states |eiφ⟩ on the unit circle and an (over)-completeness relation for the coherent phase states are derived. The Wigner quasiprobability W(q,p) for the coherent phase states is calculated and graphically represented. From the Wigner quasiprobability, a phase distribution W(φ) is calculated by integrating over the radius, and its uncertainty is defined and presented. The Hilbert–Schmidt distance is discussed as a measure of the non-classicality of states, where most of our with Viktor Dodonov work was carried out.
A relation of the Wigner quasiprobability to the Bargmann representation of pure and mixed states by convolution is derived and generalized to the main class of quasiprobabilities and its inversion is given. The derivation uses a realization of the abstract group SU (1,1) by second-order differentiation and multiplication operators for a pair of complex conjugated variables and disentanglement of exponential functions of these operators by group-theoretical methods. Examples for the calculation of the Wigner quasiprobability via the Bargmann representation of states demonstrate the action of this relation. A short collection of different basic representations of the Wigner quasiprobability is given. An appendix presents results for the disentanglement of SU (1,1)-group operators by products of special operators in different ordering.
The first part is a systematical representation of the Wigner quasiprobability in representations by canonical variables and pairs of complex conjugate variables with particular attention to the reconstruction of the density operator from the Wigner quasiprobability to show their equivalence. All formulae are derived from basic postulates of quantum mechanics. Problems of operator orderings are touched. The second part considers the integration over the amplitude in the Wigner quasiprobability and its specialization for coherent states and for even and odd coherent states and provides phase distributions which are presented in graphics that are new in their kind. It is demonstrated that the Heitler number phase uncertainty relation is incorrect. The problem of the transition from quantum to classical distribution functions by ℏ→0 is discussed with the conjecture that the inertial point of the distributions plays a basic role.