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American Journal of Physics

Rabi oscillations, Floquet states, Fermi's golden rule, and all that: Insights from an exactly solvable two-level model

Roberto D. Merlin

Published Dec 23, 2020• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Rabi oscillations and Floquet states are likely the most familiar concepts associated with a periodically time-varying Hamiltonian. Here, we present an exactly solvable model of a two-level system coupled to both a continuum and a classical field that varies sinusoidally with time, which sheds light on the relationship between the two problems. For a field of the rotating-wave-approximation form, results show that the dynamics of the two-level system can be mapped exactly onto that for a static field, if one shifts the energy separation between the two levels by an amount equal to ℏω, where ω is the frequency of the field and ℏ is Planck's constant. This correspondence allows one to view Rabi oscillations and Floquet states from the simpler perspective of their time-independent-problem equivalents. The comparison between the rigorous results and those from perturbation theory helps clarify some of the difficulties underlying textbook proofs of Fermi's golden rule, and the discussions on quantum decay and linear response theory.

DOI
10.1119/10.0001897

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Rabi oscillations and Floquet states are likely the most familiar concepts associated with a periodically time-varying Hamiltonian. Here, we present an exactly solvable model of a two-level system coupled to both a continuum and a classical field that varies sinusoidally with time, which sheds light on the relationship between the two problems. For a field of the rotating-wave-approximation form, results show that the dynamics of the two-level system can be mapped exactly onto that for a static field, if one shifts the energy separation between the two levels by an amount equal to ℏω, where ω is the frequency of the field and ℏ is Planck's constant. This correspondence allows one to view Rabi oscillations and Floquet states from the simpler perspective of their time-independent-problem equivalents. The comparison between the rigorous results and those from perturbation theory helps clarify some of the difficulties underlying textbook proofs of Fermi's golden rule, and the discussions on quantum decay and linear response theory.
The extended quantum Rabi models make a significant contribution to understanding of the quantum nature of the atom-light interaction. We transform two kinds of extended quantum Rabi model, the anisotropic Rabi model and the asymmetric Rabi model, into the rotating frame and regard them as periodically driven quantum systems. The analytical solutions of the quasienergy spectrum as well as the Floquet modes for both models are constructed by applying the Floquet theory and the high-frequency expansion, which is applied to the nonstroboscopic dynamics of physical observables such as atomic inversion, transverse magnetization, and atom-field correlation. For the anisotropic Rabi model, the quasienergy fits well with the numerical results even when the rotating-wave coupling is in the deep strong-coupling regime $g\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ if the counter-rotating term is small enough compared to the driving frequency. Avoided level crossing may occur for quasienergy with the same parity when the positive branch spectrum lines for the total excitation number NNN cross the negative branch lines for N+2N+2N+2, while the high-frequency expansion fails to predict this due to the conservation of the total excitation number. Furthermore, we present analytical and numerical studies of the long-time evolution of population and conclude that the analytical method is credible for the population dynamics. For the asymmetric Rabi model, we find that the external bias field which breaks the parity symmetry of the total excitation number tends to cluster the upper and lower branches into two bundles, and the detuning induced gap in the first temporal Brillouin zone shows a quadratic dependence on the bias. Fourier analysis is applied to extract the frequency composition and two-frequency driving behavior is revealed. Varying the bias strength will change the time-averaged value of the oscillation, which shows how the bias competes with the detuning and atom-field coupling in the driving dynamics. Both models prove that treating the Hamiltonian in the rotating frame by Floquet theory gives an alternative tool in the study of interaction between atom and light.
A Fermi-Hubbard system with a periodically-modulated interaction has been recently shown to resonantly absorb energy at a series of drive frequencies. In the present work, with the help of static perturbation theory, we argue that driving couples to Hubbard bands in a similar fashion as a classical field couples to a two-level atom. The latter, significantly simpler setup, described by the Rabi model, is known to support resonant rapid energy absorption at virtually the same series of driving frequencies. Our interpretation is also supported by the equivalency between dynamics of the two-site periodically driven Hubbard and Rabi models. Relying on this insight, we establish that the same Rabi-resonant behavior is displayed also by fermions confined in a harmonic trap with periodically driven contact interactions.
Abstract Fermi’s golden rule is of great importance in quantum dynamics. However, in many textbooks on quantum mechanics, its contents and limitations are obscured by the approximations and arguments in the derivation, which are inevitable because of the generic setting considered. Here we propose to introduce it by an ideal model, in which the quasi-continuum band consists of equaldistant levels extending from − ∞ to + ∞ , and each of them couples to the discrete level with the same strength. For this model, the transition probability in the first order perturbation approximation can be calculated analytically by invoking the Poisson summation formula. It turns out to be a piecewise linear function of time, demonstrating on the one hand the key features of Fermi’s golden rule, and on the other hand that the rule breaks down beyond the Heisenberg time , even when the first order perturbation approximation itself is still valid.
In this chapter,we shall analyze the particular case of an atom interacting with a laser pulse whose duration is sufficiently long, so that the evolution of the atom in the laser field is adiabatic. When this condition is fulfilled, the atom can be considered to interact with a monochromatic laser field. As a consequence, the Hamiltonian of the system is periodic in time, and the Floquet theory [1] can be used to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) non-perturbatively. We begin in Section 4.1 by considering the Hermitian Floquet theory. We first derive the Floquet theorem for a monochromatic, spatially homogeneous laser field and show that the solutions of the TDSE correspond to dressed states having real quasi-energies , which can be obtained by solving an infinite system of time-independent coupled equations. We then generalize the Floquet theory to multicolor laser fields and to “non-dipole” laser fields which are not spatially homogeneous. In Section 4.2, the Floquet theory is applied to study the dynamics of a model atom having M discrete levels interacting with a monochromatic laser field. In this case, the coupling between the bound and continuum atomic states is neglected.We analyze the relationship between the Floquet theory and the rotating wave approximation, and examine the perturbative limit of the Floquet theory. We also consider the population transfer between Floquet dressed states.
Cold atoms provide a unique arena to study many-body systems far from equilibrium. Furthermore, phases in cold atom systems are conveniently investigated by dynamical probes pushing the system out of equilibrium. Here, we discuss the pumping of doubly occupied sites in a fermionic Mott insulator by a periodic modulation of the hopping amplitude. We show that deep in the insulating phase the many-body system can be mapped onto an effective two-level system which performs coherent Rabi oscillations due to the driving. Coupling of the two-level system to the remaining degrees of freedom renders the Rabi oscillations damped. We compare this scheme to an alternative description where the particles are incoherently pumped into a broad continuum.
Abstract This chapter presents some of the models describing the time-dependent interaction between a simple atom and a field, which may be described either classically or fully quantum mechanically. A number of equivalent interaction pictures and the important rotating-wave approximation are introduced. The two-state dynamics of an atom coupled to a classical field is solved, starting with perturbation theory. Non-perturbative behaviour is analysed, leading to Rabi oscillations of the atomic probabilities. The Jaynes–Cummings model of the dynamics of a single two-state atom coupled to a single quantized mode of the electromagnetic field is solved leading to collapses and revivals of the excited state probability. An exactly soluble model of the coupling of a single state to a Bixon–Jortner quasi-continuum of discrete levels is analysed. Finally, the coherent interactions between two field modes, of the type common in nonlinear optics, are discussed.