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One-dimensional array of ion chains coupled to an optical cavity

Marko Cetina, Alexei Bylinskii, Leon Karpa, Dorian A. Gangloff, Kristin M. Beck, Yufei Ge, Scholz, Matthias, Andrew T. Grier, Isaac L. Chuang, Vladan Vuletić

Published Jan 1, 2013• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a novel system where an optical cavity is integrated with a microfabricated planar-electrode ion trap. The trap electrodes produce a tunable periodic potential allowing the trapping of up to 50 separate ion chains aligned with the cavity and spaced by 160 μm in a one-dimensional array along the cavity axis. Each chain can contain up to 20 individually addressable Yb+ ions coupled to the cavity mode. We demonstrate deterministic distribution of ions between the sites of the electrostatic periodic potential and control of the ion-cavity coupling. The measured strength of this coupling should allow access to the strong collective coupling regime with 10 ions. The optical cavity could serve as a quantum information bus between ions or be used to generate a strong wavelength-scale periodic optical potential. © IOP Publishing and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.

DOI
10.15488/15793

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One-dimensional array of ion chains coupled to an optical cavity

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We present a novel system where an optical cavity is integrated with a microfabricated planar-electrode ion trap. The trap electrodes produce a tunable periodic potential allowing the trapping of up to 50 separate ion chains aligned with the cavity and spaced by 160 μ m in a one-dimensional array along the cavity axis. Each chain can contain up to 20 individually addressable Yb + ions coupled to the cavity mode. We demonstrate deterministic distribution of ions between the sites of the electrostatic periodic potential and control of the ion–cavity coupling. The measured strength of this coupling should allow access to the strong collective coupling regime with ≲10 ions. The optical cavity could serve as a quantum information bus between ions or be used to generate a strong wavelength-scale periodic optical potential.

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We investigate the coupling of a single trapped ion to a miniature optical cavity operating in the ultraviolet. Our cavity provides a source of single photons at a high rate into a single spatial mode. Using our apparatus, we have demonstrated the highest atom-cavity coupling rate achieved with a single ion by an order of magnitude. When the ion is continuously excited, we observe phase-sensitive correlations between emission into free-space and into the cavity mode, which can be explained by a cavity induced back-action effect on a driven dipole. We demonstrate coherent manipulation of a hyperfine qubit and ultra-short optical $\pi$ rotations, which are essential tools for creation and detection of spin-photon entanglement. To this end, we have developed optical fibre-based Fabry-Perot cavities in the ultraviolet spectral range. These cavities operate near the primary dipole transition of Yb at 370 nm, and allow us to couple a pure atomic two-level system offered by a single trapped ion to the cavity mode. A new Paul trap apparatus in an ultra-high vacuum chamber has been built which allows for the integration of these cavities at very small ion-mirror separations. In order for independent operation of the trap, a compact system of diode lasers has been built which are stabilised to low-drift optical reference cavities. Coherent control of the hyperfine qubit in Yb 171 is achieved through application of microwave radiation, and ultra-short optical $\pi$ rotations are performed with resonant light pulses derived from a frequency-doubled mode-locked titanium-sapphire laser. The experiment is controlled through a system of hardware and software which has been developed in a modular fashion and will allow for efficient control on the nanosecond time-scale when several such systems are interconnected. The success of our system opens the door to future experiments with trapped ions which will reach the strong coupling regime with a single ion. Furthermore, when operated in the fast-cavity regime, systems based on our approach will enable high-efficiency collection of photons from the ion into the single mode of an optical fibre. These systems will allow for the generation of distributed entanglement and will prove ideal as nodes in a larger quantum network of trapped ions.

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Trapped-ion quantum computing requires precise optical control for individual qubit manipulation. However, conventional free-space optics face challenges in alignment stability and scalability as the number of qubits increases. Integrated photonics offers a promising alternative, providing miniaturized optical systems on a chip. Here, we propose a design for a multimode photonic circuit integrated with a surface-electrode ion trap capable of targeted and reconfigurable light delivery. Three closely positioned ions can be addressed using a focusing grating coupler that emits multimode light through electrode openings to ions trapped 68 μm above the chip. Simulations show that the couplers achieve a diffraction-limited spot with a 4.3 μm beam waist along the trap axis and 2.2 μm perpendicular to the trap axis. Controlled interference of the TE 00 and TE 10 modes results in crosstalk of –20 dB to –30 dB at ion separations of 5–8 μm when addressing ions individually, and down to –60 dB when two of the three ions are addressed simultaneously. Additionally, the higher-order TE modes can offer a novel mechanism for driving spin-motion coupling transitions, potentially enabling alternative approaches to quantum gates and simulations. The proposed integrated platform offers a viable path for constructing large-scale trapped-ion systems, leveraging the benefits of nanophotonic design for precise and reliable ion manipulation.

npj Nanophotonics•Jan 27, 2026•3 citations
We present a novel system where an optical cavity is integrated with a microfabricated planar-electrode ion trap. The trap electrodes produce a tunable periodic potential allowing the trapping of up to 50 separate ion chains aligned with the cavity and spaced by 160 μm in a one-dimensional array along the cavity axis. Each chain can contain up to 20 individually addressable Yb+ ions coupled to the cavity mode. We demonstrate deterministic distribution of ions between the sites of the electrostatic periodic potential and control of the ion-cavity coupling. The measured strength of this coupling should allow access to the strong collective coupling regime with 10 ions. The optical cavity could serve as a quantum information bus between ions or be used to generate a strong wavelength-scale periodic optical potential. © IOP Publishing and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
We present a novel system where an optical cavity is integrated with a microfabricated planar-electrode ion trap. The trap electrodes produce a tunable periodic potential allowing the trapping of up to 50 separate ion chains aligned with the cavity and spaced by 160 μ m in a one-dimensional array along the cavity axis. Each chain can contain up to 20 individually addressable Yb + ions coupled to the cavity mode. We demonstrate deterministic distribution of ions between the sites of the electrostatic periodic potential and control of the ion–cavity coupling. The measured strength of this coupling should allow access to the strong collective coupling regime with ≲10 ions. The optical cavity could serve as a quantum information bus between ions or be used to generate a strong wavelength-scale periodic optical potential.
Precise control over internal states of atomic ions in ion traps has been possible for many years enabling high precision spectroscopy of atomic transitions. Trapped ions are suitable candidates for quantum information processing due to their long storage times, low decoherence rates and high readout efficiency. Recent advances in micro-machining fibre optic mirrors and integrated fibre optic-ion trap systems for cavity QED allows one to realise strong coupling between an ion and a cavity mode by reducing the mode volume. For strong ion-cavity coupling, deterministic transfer of quantum states between ions and photons is possible. We have designed and constructed a miniaturised linear Paul trap with an integrated optical cavity, intended for coupling multiple ions to the cavity mode. The RF-electrode separation is 50μm, while the endcap separation is 350μm. The endcap electrodes are narrow tubes of inner diameter 300μm allowing optical fibers through the tubes to form the cavity. The trap depth we calculate to be 650meV for a 10V applied potential at 20MHz. The 4P1⁄2→ 3D3⁄2 transition of the atomic ion 40Ca+ with Γ = 24π × 22MHz can be coupled to an optical fibre Fabry-Perot cavity with length of 380µm, finesse of 33,000 and cavity linewidth k = 2π ×11MHz.The ion-cavity coherent coupling g = 2π × 19:5MHz of this system will put it in single-ion strong coupling regime with cooperativity, C=1.5.
We present the realization of a combined trapped-ion and optical cavity system, in which a single Yb(+) ion is confined by a micron-scale ion trap inside a 230 μm-long optical fiber cavity. We characterize the spatial ion-cavity coupling and measure the ion-cavity coupling strength using a cavity-stimulated Λ transition. Owing to the small mode volume of the fiber resonator, the coherent coupling strength between the ion and a single photon exceeds the natural decay rate of the dipole moment. This system can be integrated into ion-photon quantum networks and is a step towards cavity quantum electrodynamics based quantum information processing with trapped ions.
We investigate the coupling of a single trapped ion to a miniature optical cavity operating in the ultraviolet. Our cavity provides a source of single photons at a high rate into a single spatial mode. Using our apparatus, we have demonstrated the highest atom-cavity coupling rate achieved with a single ion by an order of magnitude. When the ion is continuously excited, we observe phase-sensitive correlations between emission into free-space and into the cavity mode, which can be explained by a cavity induced back-action effect on a driven dipole. We demonstrate coherent manipulation of a hyperfine qubit and ultra-short optical π\piπ rotations, which are essential tools for creation and detection of spin-photon entanglement. To this end, we have developed optical fibre-based Fabry-Perot cavities in the ultraviolet spectral range. These cavities operate near the primary dipole transition of Yb at 370 nm, and allow us to couple a pure atomic two-level system offered by a single trapped ion to the cavity mode. A new Paul trap apparatus in an ultra-high vacuum chamber has been built which allows for the integration of these cavities at very small ion-mirror separations. In order for independent operation of the trap, a compact system of diode lasers has been built which are stabilised to low-drift optical reference cavities. Coherent control of the hyperfine qubit in Yb 171 is achieved through application of microwave radiation, and ultra-short optical π\piπ rotations are performed with resonant light pulses derived from a frequency-doubled mode-locked titanium-sapphire laser. The experiment is controlled through a system of hardware and software which has been developed in a modular fashion and will allow for efficient control on the nanosecond time-scale when several such systems are interconnected. The success of our system opens the door to future experiments with trapped ions which will reach the strong coupling regime with a single ion. Furthermore, when operated in the fast-cavity regime, systems based on our approach will enable high-efficiency collection of photons from the ion into the single mode of an optical fibre. These systems will allow for the generation of distributed entanglement and will prove ideal as nodes in a larger quantum network of trapped ions.
The coupling of a single ion to an optical cavity is a promising route towards scalable quantum technologies. This study presents the design, initial construction and simulations of two different ion traps for quantum computation with novel capabilities. The first system is an end cap system that utilises Fabry Perot cavities formed by the facets of fibres. The small mode volumes (cavity length ~ 300 µm) of the fibre cavities are ideal to achieve high cooperativity and coupling strength. This trap features the novel ability to mechanically adjust the position of the ion by perturbing/distorting the trapping potential with grounded side electrodes. A capability crucial to maximising the ion-cavity coupling. The design incorporates a number of improvements over the previous iteration by Takahashi et al. such as increased optical access, increased mode matching and improved mechanical stability of the cavity. To verify and test the design modifications; Pound-Drever-Hall cavity locking was set up. The test set up failed to lock to an error signal due to a mechanically unstable translation stage. The other design presented is a linear micro trap intended to trap strings of ions and does not use fibre based cavities. This design features multiple different regions reserved for storage, computation and communication and aims to implement a shuttling scheme that will allow the selective loading of single ions from a reservoir of ions into the desired regions. The fabrication process would utilise methods in microfabrication. Simulations of the trapping dynamics were used to optimise the electrode geometries and splitting protocol.
Trapped-ion quantum computing requires precise optical control for individual qubit manipulation. However, conventional free-space optics face challenges in alignment stability and scalability as the number of qubits increases. Integrated photonics offers a promising alternative, providing miniaturized optical systems on a chip. Here, we propose a design for a multimode photonic circuit integrated with a surface-electrode ion trap capable of targeted and reconfigurable light delivery. Three closely positioned ions can be addressed using a focusing grating coupler that emits multimode light through electrode openings to ions trapped 68 μm above the chip. Simulations show that the couplers achieve a diffraction-limited spot with a 4.3 μm beam waist along the trap axis and 2.2 μm perpendicular to the trap axis. Controlled interference of the TE 00 and TE 10 modes results in crosstalk of –20 dB to –30 dB at ion separations of 5–8 μm when addressing ions individually, and down to –60 dB when two of the three ions are addressed simultaneously. Additionally, the higher-order TE modes can offer a novel mechanism for driving spin-motion coupling transitions, potentially enabling alternative approaches to quantum gates and simulations. The proposed integrated platform offers a viable path for constructing large-scale trapped-ion systems, leveraging the benefits of nanophotonic design for precise and reliable ion manipulation.