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Mean-field limit and Semiclassical Expansion of a Quantum Particle System

Federica Pezzotti, Mario Pulvirenti

Published Nov 20, 2012• 32 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We consider a quantum system constituted by N identical particles interacting by means of a mean-field Hamiltonian. It is well known that, in the limit N → ∞, the one-particle state obeys to the Hartree equation. Moreover, propagation of chaos holds. In this paper, we take care of the � dependence by considering the semiclassical expansion of the N-particle system. We prove that each term of the expansion agrees, in the limit N → ∞, with the corresponding one associated with the Hartree equation. We work in the classical phase space by using the Wigner formalism, which seems to be the most appropriate for the present problem.

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We consider a quantum system constituted by N identical particles interacting by means of a mean-field Hamiltonian. It is well known that, in the limit N → ∞, the one-particle state obeys to the Hartree equation. Moreover, propagation of chaos holds. In this paper, we take care of the � dependence by considering the semiclassical expansion of the N-particle system. We prove that each term of the expansion agrees, in the limit N → ∞, with the corresponding one associated with the Hartree equation. We work in the classical phase space by using the Wigner formalism, which seems to be the most appropriate for the present problem.
We consider the N-body Schrödinger dynamics of bosons in the mean field limit with a bounded pair-interaction potential. According to the previous work [AmNi], the mean field limit is translated into a semiclassical problem with a small parameter ε → 0, after introducing an ε-dependent bosonic quantization. The limit is expressed as a push-forward by a nonlinear flow (e.g. Hartree) of the associated Wigner measures. These object and their basic properties were introduced in [AmNi] in the infinite dimensional setting. The additional result presented here states that the transport by the nonlinear flow holds for rather general class of quantum states in their mean field limit.
We consider the N-body Schrödinger dynamics of bosons in the mean field limit with a bounded pair-interaction potential. According to the previous work [Ammari, Z. and Nier, F., “Mean field limit for bosons and infinite dimensional phase-space analysis,” Ann. Henri Poincare 9, 1503 (2008)], the mean field limit is translated into a semiclassical problem with a small parameter ε→0, after introducing an ε-dependent bosonic quantization. The limits of quantum correlation functions are expressed as a push forward by a nonlinear flow (e.g., Hartree) of the associated Wigner measures. These object and their basic properties were introduced by Ammari and Nier in the infinite dimensional setting. The additional result presented here states that the transport by the nonlinear flow holds for a rather general class of quantum states in their mean field limit.
The mean-field approximations of many-boson dynamics are known to be effective in many physical relevant situations. The mathematical justifications of such approximations rely generally on specific considerations which depend too much on the model and on the initial states of the system which are required to be well-prepared. In this article, using the method of Wigner measures, we prove in a fairly complete generality the accuracy of the mean-field approximation. Roughly speaking, we show that the dynamics of a many-boson system are well approximated, in the limit of a large number of particles, by a one particle mean-field equation if the following general principles are satisfied: ∙\bullet∙ The Hamiltonian is in a mean-field regime (i.e.: The interaction and the free energy parts are of the same order with respect to the number of particles). ∙\bullet∙ The interaction is relatively compact with respect to a one particle and it is dominated by the free energy part. ∙\bullet∙ There exists at most one weak solution for the mean-field equation for each initial condition.The convergence towards the mean field limit is described in terms of Wigner (probability) measures and it holds for any initial quantum states with a finite free energy average. The main novelty of this article lies in the use of fine properties of uniqueness for the Liouville equations in infinite dimensional spaces.
We consider a class of many-body Hamiltonians composed of a free (kinetic) part and a multi-particle (potential) interaction with a compactness assumption on the latter part. We investigate the mean field limit of such quantum systems following the Wigner measures approach. We prove in particular the propagation of these measures along the flow of a nonlinear (Hartree) field equation. This enhances and complements some previous results of the same type shown in Z. Ammari and F. Nier and Fröhlich et al. [“Mean field limit for bosons and propagation of Wigner measures,” J. Math. Phys. 50(4), 042107 (2009); Z. Ammari and F. Nier and Fröhlich et al., “Mean field propagation of Wigner measures and BBGKY hierarchies for general bosonic states,” J. Math. Pures Appl. 95(6), 585–626 (2011); Z. Ammari and F. Nier and Fröhlich et al., “Mean-field- and classical limit of many-body Schrödinger dynamics for bosons,” Commun. Math. Phys. 271(3), 681–697 (2007)].
The mean field limit for systems of many fermions is naturally coupled with a semiclassical limit. This makes the analysis of the mean field regime much more involved, compared with bosonic systems. In this paper, we study the dynamics of initial data close to a Slater determinant, whose reduced one-particle density is an orthogonal projection ωN with the appropriate semiclassical structure. Assuming some regularity of the interaction potential, we show that the evolution of such an initial data remains close to a Slater determinant, with reduced one-particle density given by the solution of the Hartree-Fock equation with initial data ωN. Our result holds for all (semiclassical) times, and gives effective bounds on the rate of the convergence towards the Hartree-Fock dynamics. 1
We study the mean field limit of nonrelativistic quantum many-boson systems with delta potential in one-dimensional space. Such problem is related to the semiclassical limit of a second quantized Hamiltonian with an interaction given by a quartic Wick product. In this framework, we show that the evolution of coherent states is semiclassically given by squeezed coherent states under the action of a time-dependent affine Bogoliubov transformation. Results similar to those stated by Hepp [Comm. Math. Phys. 35 (1974), 265–277] and Ginibre-Velo [Comm. Math. Phys. 66 (1979), 37–76 and 68 (1979), 45–68] are proved. Furthermore, we show propagation of chaos for Schrödinger dynamics in the mean field limit using the argument of Rodnianski–Schlein [Comm. Math. Phys. 291 (2009), 31–61]. Thus, we provide a derivation of the cubic NLS equation in one dimension.