Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Inseparability inequalities for higher-order moments for bipartite systems

G. S. Agarwal, Biswas, A

Published Jul 15, 2005• 85 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

There are several examples of bipartite entangled states of continuous variables for which the existing criteria for entanglement using the inequalities involving the second order moments are insufficient. We derive new inequalities involving higher order correlation, for testing entanglement in non-Gaussian states. In this context we study an example of a non-Gaussian state, which is a bipartite entangled state of the form $\\psi(x_{\\rm a},x_{\\rm b})\\propto (\\alpha x_{\\rm a}+\\beta x_{\\rm b})e^{-(x_{\\rm a}^2+x_{\\rm b}^2)/2}$. Our results open up an avenue to search for new inequalities to test entanglement in non-Gaussian states.

Related papers

Inseparability inequalities for higher order moments for bipartite systems

G. S. Agarwal, Asoka Biswas

There are several examples of bipartite entangled states of continuous variables for which the existing criteria for entanglement using the inequalities involving the second-order moments are insufficient. We derive new inequalities involving higher order correlation, for testing entanglement in non-Gaussian states. In this context, we study an example of a non-Gaussian state, which is a bipartite entangled state of the form . Our results open up an avenue to search for new inequalities to test entanglement in non-Gaussian states.

arXiv:quant-ph/0507144•New Journal of Physics•Oct 7, 2005•146 citations

Higher-order Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations and inseparability conditions for continuous variables

Evgeny V Shchukin, Peter van Loock

We derive two types of sets of higher-order conditions for bipartite entanglement in terms of continuous variables. One corresponds to an extension of the well-known Duan inequalities from second to higher moments describing a kind of higher-order Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations. Only the second type, however, expressed by powers of the mode operators leads to tight conditions with a hierarchical structure. We start with a minimization problem for the single-partite case and, using the results obtained, establish relevant inequalities for higher-order moments satisfied by all bipartite separable states. We give an explicit example of a non-Gaussian state that exhibits fourth-order but no second-order EPR correlations. Similarly, a certain fourth-order condition cannot be violated by any Gaussian state and we present non-Gaussian states whose entanglement is detected by that condition. Violations of all our conditions are provided, so they can all be used as entanglement tests.

arXiv:1511.08444•Physical Review A•Mar 9, 2016•5 citations

Non-Gaussian entanglement revealed by higher-order quadrature cumulants

Abhinav Verma, Olga Solodovnikova, Jonas S. Neergaard-Nielsen +1 more

Entanglement is central to quantum physics, yet detecting and exploiting it in non-Gaussian systems remains a major challenge. In continuous variable platforms, standard inseparability criteria based on Gaussian statistics-such as the Duan-Simon criterion-fail when quantum correlations are encoded in higher moments of the field quadratures. Here we introduce a framework for detecting non-Gaussian entanglement using higher-order quadrature cumulants. In the Gaussian limit, the lowest order condition reduces to the Duan criterion, while higher-order violations reveal entanglement inaccessible to second-order methods. We experimentally demonstrate a tomography-free certification of inseparability in photon-subtracted squeezed states of light, where Gaussian witnesses fail despite the presence of entanglement. We further show that such higher-order inseparability enables enhanced quantum teleportation of Wigner negativity as compared to Gaussian protocols. These results identify higher-order cumulants as natural observables for non-Gaussian entanglement and open new routes to harnessing non-Gaussian resources in continuous variable quantum technologies.

quant-pharXiv:2512.17681•Dec 22, 2025•0 citations

A general inseparability criterion for non-Gaussian states

Prasoon Kumar Shandilya, Prasanta Kumar Panigrahi

We have derived a general separability criterion for a class of two mode non-Gaussian continuous variable systems, obtained earlier using PPT, violation of which provides sufficient condition for entanglement. It has been obtained by utilizing the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and from the basic definition of separable states. This criterion coincides with the work of Agarwal and Biswas [4] which involved inequality involving higher order correlation, for testing entanglement in non-Gaussian states.

arXiv:1707.03209•Jul 11, 2017•0 citations

Entropic Entanglement Criteria for Continuous Variables

Stephen Patrick Walborn, Bruno G. Taketani, A. Salles +2 more

We derive several entanglement criteria for bipartite continuous variable quantum systems based on the Shannon entropy. These criteria are more sensitive than those involving only second-order moments, and are equivalent to well-known variance product tests in the case of Gaussian states. Furthermore, they involve only a pair of quadrature measurements, and will thus prove extremely useful in the experimental identification of entanglement.

arXiv:0909.0147•Physical Review Letters•Oct 15, 2009•100 citations

Tripartite separability conditions exponentially violated by Gaussian states

Evgeny V Shchukin, Peter van Loock

Starting with a set of conditions for bipartite separability of arbitrary quantum states in any dimension and expressed in terms of arbitrary operators whose commutator is a $c$-number, we derive a hierarchy of conditions for tripartite separability of continuous-variable three-mode quantum states. These conditions have the form of inequalities for higher-order moments of linear combinations of the mode operators. They enable one to distinguish between all possible kinds of tripartite separability, while the strongest violation of these inequalities is a sufficient condition for genuine tripartite entanglement. We construct Gaussian states for which the violation of our conditions grows exponentially with the order of the moments of the mode operators. By going beyond second moments, our conditions are expected to be useful as well for the detection of tripartite entanglement of non-Gaussian states. We also demonstrate that our conditions can be easily implemented experimentally.

arXiv:1402.1701•Physical Review A•Jul 28, 2014•5 citations
There are several examples of bipartite entangled states of continuous variables for which the existing criteria for entanglement using the inequalities involving the second order moments are insufficient. We derive new inequalities involving higher order correlation, for testing entanglement in non-Gaussian states. In this context we study an example of a non-Gaussian state, which is a bipartite entangled state of the form psi(xrma,xrmb)propto(alphaxrma+betaxrmb)e−(xrma2+xrmb2)/2\\psi(x_{\\rm a},x_{\\rm b})\\propto (\\alpha x_{\\rm a}+\\beta x_{\\rm b})e^{-(x_{\\rm a}^2+x_{\\rm b}^2)/2}psi(xrma​,xrmb​)propto(alphaxrma​+betaxrmb​)e−(xrma2​+xrmb2​)/2. Our results open up an avenue to search for new inequalities to test entanglement in non-Gaussian states.
There are several examples of bipartite entangled states of continuous variables for which the existing criteria for entanglement using the inequalities involving the second-order moments are insufficient. We derive new inequalities involving higher order correlation, for testing entanglement in non-Gaussian states. In this context, we study an example of a non-Gaussian state, which is a bipartite entangled state of the form . Our results open up an avenue to search for new inequalities to test entanglement in non-Gaussian states.
We derive two types of sets of higher-order conditions for bipartite entanglement in terms of continuous variables. One corresponds to an extension of the well-known Duan inequalities from second to higher moments describing a kind of higher-order Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations. Only the second type, however, expressed by powers of the mode operators leads to tight conditions with a hierarchical structure. We start with a minimization problem for the single-partite case and, using the results obtained, establish relevant inequalities for higher-order moments satisfied by all bipartite separable states. We give an explicit example of a non-Gaussian state that exhibits fourth-order but no second-order EPR correlations. Similarly, a certain fourth-order condition cannot be violated by any Gaussian state and we present non-Gaussian states whose entanglement is detected by that condition. Violations of all our conditions are provided, so they can all be used as entanglement tests.
Entanglement is central to quantum physics, yet detecting and exploiting it in non-Gaussian systems remains a major challenge. In continuous variable platforms, standard inseparability criteria based on Gaussian statistics-such as the Duan-Simon criterion-fail when quantum correlations are encoded in higher moments of the field quadratures. Here we introduce a framework for detecting non-Gaussian entanglement using higher-order quadrature cumulants. In the Gaussian limit, the lowest order condition reduces to the Duan criterion, while higher-order violations reveal entanglement inaccessible to second-order methods. We experimentally demonstrate a tomography-free certification of inseparability in photon-subtracted squeezed states of light, where Gaussian witnesses fail despite the presence of entanglement. We further show that such higher-order inseparability enables enhanced quantum teleportation of Wigner negativity as compared to Gaussian protocols. These results identify higher-order cumulants as natural observables for non-Gaussian entanglement and open new routes to harnessing non-Gaussian resources in continuous variable quantum technologies.
Starting with a set of conditions for bipartite separability of arbitrary quantum states in any dimension and expressed in terms of arbitrary operators whose commutator is a ccc-number, we derive a hierarchy of conditions for tripartite separability of continuous-variable three-mode quantum states. These conditions have the form of inequalities for higher-order moments of linear combinations of the mode operators. They enable one to distinguish between all possible kinds of tripartite separability, while the strongest violation of these inequalities is a sufficient condition for genuine tripartite entanglement. We construct Gaussian states for which the violation of our conditions grows exponentially with the order of the moments of the mode operators. By going beyond second moments, our conditions are expected to be useful as well for the detection of tripartite entanglement of non-Gaussian states. We also demonstrate that our conditions can be easily implemented experimentally.