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Elliptic Quantum Billiard

Holger Waalkens, Jan Wiersig, Holger R. Dullin

Published Jan 1, 1997• 40 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The exact and semiclassical quantum mechanics of the elliptic billiard is investigated. The classical system is integrable and exhibits a separatrix, dividing the phase space into regions of oscillatory and rotational motion. The classical separability carries over to quantum mechanics, and the Schrödinger equation is shown to be equivalent to the spheroidal wave equation. The quantum eigenvalues show a clear pattern when transformed into the classical action space. The implication of the separatrix on the wave functions is illustrated. A uniform WKB quantization taking into account complex orbits is shown to be adequate for the semiclassical quantization in the presence of a separatrix. The pattern of states in classical action space is nicely explained by this quantization procedure. We extract an effective Maslov phase varying smoothly on the energy surface, which is used to modify the Berry-Tabor trace formula, resulting in a summation over non-periodic orbits. This modified trace formula produces the correct number of states, even close to the separatrix. The Fourier transform of the density of states is explained in terms of classical orbits, and the The semiclassical quantization of a Hamiltonian system is deeply connected to the structure of its phase space. The generic Hamiltonian system contains a complicated mixture of near-integrable and

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The exact and semiclassical quantum mechanics of the elliptic billiard is investigated. The classical system is integrable and exhibits a separatrix, dividing the phase space into regions of oscillatory and rotational motion. The classical separability carries over to quantum mechanics, and the Schrödinger equation is shown to be equivalent to the spheroidal wave equation. The quantum eigenvalues show a clear pattern when transformed into the classical action space. The implication of the separatrix on the wave functions is illustrated. A uniform WKB quantization taking into account complex orbits is shown to be adequate for the semiclassical quantization in the presence of a separatrix. The pattern of states in classical action space is nicely explained by this quantization procedure. We extract an effective Maslov phase varying smoothly on the energy surface, which is used to modify the Berry-Tabor trace formula, resulting in a summation over non-periodic orbits. This modified trace formula produces the correct number of states, even close to the separatrix. The Fourier transform of the density of states is explained in terms of classical orbits, and the The semiclassical quantization of a Hamiltonian system is deeply connected to the structure of its phase space. The generic Hamiltonian system contains a complicated mixture of near-integrable and
A unified treatment of quantum mechanical oscillatory motion in one dimension is presented in a phase space formalism which is especially adapted to the semiclassical energy domain and closely related to a `naive' quantization of action and angle variables. Characteristics of this scheme are non-classical symmetry properties of the phase space functions representing density operators and observables and the inclusion of half-Bohr orbits besides the familiar Bohr orbits. Over long time intervals the quantum evolution can be well approximated by a Hamiltonian flow along these distinguished classical orbits. The interplay of this reduced classical evolution and the symmetry properties of the phase space functions results in a consistent quantitative description of quantum interference effects which are most clearly seen in the revivals of wavepackets.
This chapter discusses in some detail the connection between the classical and quantum mechanical equations of motion, largely using examples that are solvable. It recounts how the old quantum theory was formulated by quantizing the action. Choosing irreducible cycles around the tori leads naturally to defining the action and angle variables of motion, and the quantization of action around each cycle. The chapter shows that families of these periodic orbits contribute to the oscillating part of the density of states of an integrable system in the form of a trace formula. It discusses the transition from integrability to chaos in such systems when perturbations are added that couple resonantly to these natural frequencies. The chapter elaborates with a view to develop the semiclassical approximation, and the associated quantization condition. It brings out the similarity between the Schrodinger equation of wave mechanics, and the HJ equation.
The semi-classical method has become a necessary instrument to study the classical movement of the particle.Periodic orbit theory is rapidly becoming one of most useful semi-classical tools which can be used to make direct connections between the quantized energy eigenvalues of a bound state and the classical motions for the corresponding point particle.We use a quantum spectral function which contain rich information of classical orbits in well.We study the correspondence between quantum spectra and classical orbits in the circular.Two-dimensional billiard systems have provided easily visualization examples relevant for both types of analyses.As a simple example of the application to a billiard or infinite well system of Periodic orbit theory,we compute the Fourier transform(ρL) of the quantum mechanical energy level density of two-dimensional circular billiard systems.The resulting peaks in plots of ρL2 versus L are compared to the lengths of the classical trajectories in these geometries.The locations of peaks in ρL agree with the lengths of classical orbits perfectly,which testifies the correspondence of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics.This examples show evidently that semi-classical methods provides a bridge between quantum and classical mechanics.
The authors compare three problems of quantum mechanics (or more generally of wave mechanics) which reduce to the same problem in classical mechanics and which can also be treated semiclassically by the Einstein, Brillouin and Keller (1958) semiquantisation rules. The free particle motion in an ellipsoidal oblate or prolate cavity (a deformed nucleus) is compared to that in a plane elliptical billiard box. Separation of variables is performed in appropriate coordinate systems. The presence of a separatrix in phase space is exhibited, which is connected to a potential barrier that is different for each problem. The uniform approximation is used to calculate WKB phase rules appropriate to each symmetry. An important difference results between the prolate and the oblate systems.
A formulation of quantum mechanics is introduced based on a 2D2D2D-dimensional phase-space wave function p ⁣p(q,p)\text{\reflectbox{\text{p}}}\mkern-3mu\text{p}\left(q,p\right)pp(q,p) which might be computed from the position-space wave function ψ(q)ψ\left(q\right)ψ(q) with a transformation related to the Gabor transformation. The equation of motion for conservative systems can be written in the form of the Schrödinger equation with a 4D4D4D-dimensional Hamiltonian with classical terms on the diagonal and complex off-diagonal couplings. The Hamiltonian does not contain any differential operators and the quantization is achieved by replacing qqq and ppp with 2D2D2D-dimensional counterparts (q+q′)/2\left(q+q'\right)/2(q+q′)/2 and (p+p′)/2\left(p+p'\right)/2(p+p′)/2 and by using a complex-valued factor ei(q⋅p′−q′⋅p)/2e^{i\left(q\cdot p'-q'\cdot p\right)/2}ei(q⋅p′−q′⋅p)/2 in phase-space integrals. Despite the fact that the formulation increases the dimensionality, it might provide a way towards exact multi-dimensional computations as it may be evaluated directly with Monte-Carlo algorithms.
Quantum signatures of classical chaos in the spectral properties of non-relativistic quantum billiards are well understood by now based on the semiclassical and the random matrix theory aproach.The experimental detection of relativistic phenomena featured by graphene implicated an increasing interest in the properties of graphene billiards and relativistic quantum billiards consisting of massless spin-1/2 particles governed by the Dirac equation and confined to a planar domain.Confinement is attained by imposing appropriate boundary conditions on the wave function components.We chose those proposed for neutrino billiards.By now numerical studies have been performed on the spectral properties of neutrino billiards of various shapes.Our main focus is the question to what extent the semiclassical approach in terms of trace formulae applies to such systems.We derive trace formulae for circular and elliptical neutrino billiards.The associated eigenvalue equations have been solved analytically for the circular billiard.We present analytical solutions for elliptical neutrino billiards.