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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Interfacing epitaxial rare earth spins with superconducting circuits for high-sensitivity ESR

Noah R. Johnson, Shobhit Gupta, Yuxiang Pei, Manish Kumar Singh, Supratik Guha, David Schuster, Tian Zhong, Jun Yang, Haitao Zhang

Published Mar 4, 2020• 0 citations
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Interfacing rare earth spin ensembles with superconducting circuits

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High-Cooperativity Coupling of a Rare-Earth Spin Ensemble to a Superconducting Resonator Using Yttrium Orthosilicate as a Substrate

Gavin Dold, Zollitsch, CW, James O’Sullivan +6 more

Yttrium orthosilicate ( \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n, or YSO) has proved to be a convenient host for rare-earth ions used in demonstrations of microwave quantum memories and optical memories with microwave interfaces and shows promise for coherent microwave-optical conversion owing to its favorable optical and spin properties. The strong coupling required by such microwave applications could be achieved using superconducting resonators patterned directly on \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n and hence we investigate here the use of \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n as an alternative to sapphire or silicon substrates for superconducting-hybrid-device fabrication. A \nNb \nN \n resonator with frequency 6.008 GHz and low-power quality factor \nQ \n≈ \n400 \n000 \n is fabricated on a \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n substrate doped with isotopically enriched \n145 \nNd \n. Measurements of dielectric loss yield a loss tangent \ntan \n \nδ \n= \n4 \n× \n10 \n− \n6 \n, comparable to that of sapphire. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements performed using the resonator show the characteristic angular dependence expected from the anisotropic \n145 \nNd \n spin and the coupling strength between the resonator and the electron spins is in the high-cooperativity regime ( \nC \n= \n30 \n). These results demonstrate that \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n is an excellent substrate for low-loss, high- \nQ \n microwave resonators, especially in applications for coupling to optically accessible rare-earth spins.

•May 29, 2019•19 citations

milliKelvin ESR of rare-earth doped crystals using superconducting resonators

Gavin Dold

Rare-earth doped crystals have proven to be of considerable interest for quantum information processing, with demonstrations of quantum memories and the potential for coherent microwave–optical conversion as part of a quantum network. By interfacing these rare-earth based technologies with superconducting devices, they can complement existing technologies — which form the basis of many state-of-the-art quantum computers — forming a hybrid quantum information processing architecture exhibiting the advantages of fast superconducting processors alongside the extended coherence time and frequency conversion available from rare-earths. This thesis demonstrates the suitability of a widely used rare-earth doped crystal, yttrium orthosilicate (Y2SiO5 or YSO) doped with 145Nd or with 171Yb, as a substrate for fabrication of superconducting resonators. Designs for these resonators are presented with simulations of their electromagnetic modes, and their fabrication detailed. These devices are cooled to milliKelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator in order to investigate properties of the device and its coupling to electron spin transitions within the substrate where a coupling rate of the order gens/2π =1.2–7.1 MHz is observed. Dielectric loss due to two-level systems is measured with a loss-tangent tan δ = 4*10−6, and a coupling between resonator and spins is observed to have a high cooperativity C = 8–250. The superconducting resonator is then used to perform pulsed spectroscopy of electron spin resonance (ESR) transitions in the high-cooperativity regime, measuring two-pulse coherence times of T2 = (409 ± 14) μs for 200 ppm 145Nd:Y2SiO5 and T2 = (1170 ± 90) μs for 50 ppm 171Yb:Y2SiO5. Chirped pulses are used to invert spin magnetisation and drive arbitrary rotations, enabling the measurement of relaxation dynamics and Rabi oscillations. Dynamical decoupling sequences are explored as a method for extending coherence time. Experiments exploiting coherence-enhancing 'near-ZEFOZ' transitions in 171Yb are proposed, and continuous-wave measurements are used to demonstrate the working principle of such a scheme.

•May 11, 2020•1 citation

Superconducting micro-resonators for electron spin resonance - the good, the bad, and the future

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Superconducting circuits for probing quantum materials

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Ultralow-power spectroscopy of a rare-earth spin ensemble using a superconducting resonator

Pavel A. Bushev, Alexey K. Feofanov, Hannes Rotzinger +6 more

Interfacing superconducting quantum processors, working in the GHz frequency range, with optical quantum networks and atomic qubits is a challenging task for the implementation of distributed quantum information processing as well as for quantum communication. Using spin ensembles of rare-earth ions provides an excellent opportunity to bridge microwave and optical domains at the quantum level. In this Rapid Communication, we demonstrate the ultralow-power, on-chip, electron-spin-resonance spectroscopy of Er${}^{3+}$ spins doped in a Y${}_{2}$SiO${}_{5}$ crystal using a high-$Q$, coplanar, superconducting resonator.

arXiv:1102.3841•Physical Review B•Aug 5, 2011•106 citations
Yttrium orthosilicate ( \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n, or YSO) has proved to be a convenient host for rare-earth ions used in demonstrations of microwave quantum memories and optical memories with microwave interfaces and shows promise for coherent microwave-optical conversion owing to its favorable optical and spin properties. The strong coupling required by such microwave applications could be achieved using superconducting resonators patterned directly on \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n and hence we investigate here the use of \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n as an alternative to sapphire or silicon substrates for superconducting-hybrid-device fabrication. A \nNb \nN \n resonator with frequency 6.008 GHz and low-power quality factor \nQ \n≈ \n400 \n000 \n is fabricated on a \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n substrate doped with isotopically enriched \n145 \nNd \n. Measurements of dielectric loss yield a loss tangent \ntan \n \nδ \n= \n4 \n× \n10 \n− \n6 \n, comparable to that of sapphire. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements performed using the resonator show the characteristic angular dependence expected from the anisotropic \n145 \nNd \n spin and the coupling strength between the resonator and the electron spins is in the high-cooperativity regime ( \nC \n= \n30 \n). These results demonstrate that \nY \n2 \nSi \nO \n5 \n is an excellent substrate for low-loss, high- \nQ \n microwave resonators, especially in applications for coupling to optically accessible rare-earth spins.
Rare-earth doped crystals have proven to be of considerable interest for quantum information processing, with demonstrations of quantum memories and the potential for coherent microwave–optical conversion as part of a quantum network. By interfacing these rare-earth based technologies with superconducting devices, they can complement existing technologies — which form the basis of many state-of-the-art quantum computers — forming a hybrid quantum information processing architecture exhibiting the advantages of fast superconducting processors alongside the extended coherence time and frequency conversion available from rare-earths. This thesis demonstrates the suitability of a widely used rare-earth doped crystal, yttrium orthosilicate (Y2SiO5 or YSO) doped with 145Nd or with 171Yb, as a substrate for fabrication of superconducting resonators. Designs for these resonators are presented with simulations of their electromagnetic modes, and their fabrication detailed. These devices are cooled to milliKelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator in order to investigate properties of the device and its coupling to electron spin transitions within the substrate where a coupling rate of the order gens/2π =1.2–7.1 MHz is observed. Dielectric loss due to two-level systems is measured with a loss-tangent tan δ = 4*10−6, and a coupling between resonator and spins is observed to have a high cooperativity C = 8–250. The superconducting resonator is then used to perform pulsed spectroscopy of electron spin resonance (ESR) transitions in the high-cooperativity regime, measuring two-pulse coherence times of T2 = (409 ± 14) μs for 200 ppm 145Nd:Y2SiO5 and T2 = (1170 ± 90) μs for 50 ppm 171Yb:Y2SiO5. Chirped pulses are used to invert spin magnetisation and drive arbitrary rotations, enabling the measurement of relaxation dynamics and Rabi oscillations. Dynamical decoupling sequences are explored as a method for extending coherence time. Experiments exploiting coherence-enhancing 'near-ZEFOZ' transitions in 171Yb are proposed, and continuous-wave measurements are used to demonstrate the working principle of such a scheme.
Interfacing superconducting quantum processors, working in the GHz frequency range, with optical quantum networks and atomic qubits is a challenging task for the implementation of distributed quantum information processing as well as for quantum communication. Using spin ensembles of rare-earth ions provides an excellent opportunity to bridge microwave and optical domains at the quantum level. In this Rapid Communication, we demonstrate the ultralow-power, on-chip, electron-spin-resonance spectroscopy of Er3+{}^{3+}3+ spins doped in a Y2{}_{2}2​SiO5{}_{5}5​ crystal using a high-QQQ, coplanar, superconducting resonator.