It is by the long established fact in experiment and theory that electromagnetic waves, here as one component of an IED particle, passing a double slit will undergo self inference each, producing at a detector plane fringed intensities. The wave generating point charge of a zero rest mass, as the other component of the particle, is maintained a constant energy and speed by a repeated radiation reabsorption/reemission scheme, and in turn steered in direction in its linear motion by the reflected radiation field, and will thereby travel to the detector along (one of) the optical path(s) of the waves leading to a bright interference fringe. We elucidate the process formally based on first principles solutions for the IED particle and known principles for wave-matter interaction.
It is by the long established fact in experiment and theory that electromagnetic waves, here as one component of an IED particle, passing a double slit will undergo self inference each, producing at a detector plane fringed intensities. The wave generating point charge of a zero rest mass, as the other component of the particle, is maintained a constant energy and speed by a repeated radiation reabsorption/reemission scheme, and in turn steered in direction in its linear motion by the reflected radiation field, and will thereby travel to the detector along (one of) the optical path(s) of the waves leading to a bright interference fringe. We elucidate the process formally based on first principles solutions for the IED particle and known principles for wave-matter interaction.
It is by the long established fact in experiment and theory that electromagnetic waves, here as one component of an IED particle, passing a double slit will undergo self inference each, producing at a detector plane fringed intensities. The wave generating point charge of a zero rest mass, as the other component of the particle, is maintained a constant energy and speed by a repeated radiation reabsorption/reemission scheme, and in turn steered in direction in its linear motion by the reflected radiation field, and will thereby travel to the detector along (one of) the optical path(s) of the waves leading to a bright interference fringe. We elucidate the process formally based on first principles solutions for the IED particle and known principles for wave-matter interaction.
The mainstream quantum mechanics uses “probability wave superposition and single-electron self-interference” to explain electron single-slit and double-slit diffraction. This theory deviates from the essential nature of real particle interactions and has fundamental logical flaws. The electron is a negatively charged real particle with a definite physical size and high-frequency transverse oscillation; a single real particle has no physical basis for self-interference. Abandoning the abstract probability wave hypothesis, this paper establishes a complete real-interaction model including electrostatic repulsion deflection, surface electron exchange, collision scattering, microscopic refraction, and barrier diffraction, based on the three-dimensional random transverse oscillation and charge repulsion of electrons. The model uniformly explains the real formation mechanism of electron single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference fringes. This paper proves that in single-electron sequential emission, each electron passes through only one slit; all bright and dark fringes are the statistical result of multiple microscopic interactions between electrons and slit walls or the central barrier. The disappearance of fringes under observation is caused by external disturbance to the inherent oscillation and wall-interaction equilibrium, not by wave function collapse. This paper further clarifies that whether an electron can pass through a slit is determined by its transverse oscillation amplitude, not by wavelength. Amplitude directly corresponds to slit width and is the core controlling variable of diffraction. Meanwhile, if no slit is placed, electrons flying directly to the screen produce no diffraction or interference fringes, proving that electrons themselves have no self-interference ability. Fringes are generated by slit structures, not by intrinsic wave interference of electrons. This study corrects the century-long misunderstanding of electron diffraction and establishes a new microscopic diffraction mechanism consistent with classical real-particle physics.
Abstract If light wave interference is the cause of the double-slit test fringe, several conclusions deduced from this principle, which are far from the objective facts, are as follows: (1) The farther the propagation distance is, the larger the light wave, and therefore the larger the spot. (2) Interference only occurs on the way from the double-slit device to the light target. The longer the optical path is, the more interference points make the pattern brighter. (3) The stripes along the way are continuously modified by interference, and the interference in the whole interval creates the stripes. The pattern of the stripes of the moving light target should change with the distance. (4) Because the principle is exactly the same, interference should be able to cause dispersion. (5) The products of light wave interference should be the new light waves that diffuse around the interference point as the center of the ball. They will not only trigger more interference but also make the increment mode of the light wave form an exponential infinite iterative cycle. This would create a singularity similar to the Big Bang. (6) Dark stripes are generated not by sustainable interference but by one-off annihilation. (7) If the light source is replaced by another wave source, the corresponding results cannot be obtained by double-slit, Michelson–Morley and refraction tests. (8) Let alone a photon passing through two slits at once, since the fringe is much fainter than the source, it proves that unaimed light cannot pass through either slit. (9) It is impossible to generate anything from the interference point of size 0. (10) It is a good method to verify the collapse principle and achievement by a double-slit test with light that has collapsed into particles. (11) The fundamental properties of quantum will challenge the principle of interference. (12) For the phenomenon of "observation can tamper with results", because this phenomenon is also known through observation, it means that it has been tampered with. (13) Only light has the characteristic of polarization, and the absence of this unique characteristic in the interference condition is a fatal flaw. (14) Similar to driving a car, light is refracted by turning the beam toward the side that slows down first. (15) The principles of geometric optics, represented by reflection and focus, are observed only by photons and not by light waves. The principle of generating a wavelet source at the point of contact is a general law that waves obey but not that light waves obey. (16) The wavelet source principle applies only to water waves but not to light waves. (17) Because the direction of vibration and propagation is orthogonal, the s-wave cannot produce the Doppler effect. It is an objective astronomical phenomenon that the double star system orbiting each other does not produce a Doppler effect. This phenomenon cannot be regarded as evidence that the speed of light is constant but only as evidence that all celestial bodies cannot produce the Doppler effect; that is, redshift is a distortion of another astronomical phenomenon. The absorption spectrum of hydrogen is not radiation, and the redshift data are disputed. The redshift cannot turn light into circular magnetic lines. Dark matter provides gravity that could destroy the solar system. Hubble's law without the Doppler effect has no basis. (18) The principle that allows light to travel properly through transparent objects is opposed to opaque ones.
The double-slit experiment is usually taken as evidence that a particle is also a wave. We show by simulation that a definite particle, moving through a physical medium and guided by its own wave, produces the same interference pattern, with no constant fitted to the pattern. Space is modeled as a compressible particle medium with a short-range stiffness. A particle set in motion disturbs it once. The disturbance disperses, and the particle carries with it the part of the wave whose group velocity matches its own speed, so the wavelength at the particle is fixed by its speed alone, λ ∝ 1/v, with no oscillator and no continued pushing. That wave passes through two slits and interferes as any wave does. The particle passes through one slit, keeps its speed, and takes its direction from the flow of the wave around it. It lands where the wave is bright. Hundreds of particles, sent one at a time, reproduce the wave's own pattern: at three speeds and two slit spacings, up to nine bright lanes with empty dark bands between them, lane spacing that scales with the wavelength of the wave it carries, the same pattern for a stream of particles as for one, and no lanes when one slit is closed. The rule that steers the particle has no strength, no frequency, and no free constant, and it is the same rule at every scale because each particle's wave is sized to itself. The result depends on one condition: that the particle's launch point lie well beyond the near-field distance of the slit pair, which laboratory sources satisfy. We record the rules that were tried and failed and the numerical pitfalls, and we state what remains open: the silent coast is a postulate, the mass dependence of the wavelength is untested, and the work is two-dimensional.
Electron double-slit experiments, the essence of quantum mechanical “wave/particle duality”, have been extensively and continuously studied because their unrealistic interpretations have attracted many researchers. Here, we discuss recent sophisticated V-shaped double-slit experiments to elucidate electron-path information, i.e., which slit electrons pass through, which path they pursue, and where they arrive and interfere on the image plane. In a transmission electron microscope, an optically zero-propagation distance condition was realized, where the double-slit position was imaged just on the detector plane. Interference fringes composed of dot images were controlled by using two electron biprisms. Using a V-shaped double slit, we confirmed that it is possible to observe interference fringes only when the path information of individual electrons is not available. Furthermore, we studied how the interference fringes would shift their detected positions when electron wave phases were modulated before illumination to the double slit. Phase shifts were generated by tilting electron beams. We confirmed that each single electron as a wave changed its phase even when it traveled alone inside the microscope.
Electron double-slit experiments, the essence of quantum mechanical “wave/particle duality,” have been extensively and continuously studied because their unrealistic interpretations have attracted many researchers. Here, we discuss recent sophisticated V-shaped double-slit experiments to elucidate electron-path information, i.e., which slit electrons pass through, which path they pursue, and where they arrive and interfere on the image plane. In a transmission electron microscope, an optically zero-propagation distance condition was realized, where the double-slit position was imaged just on the detector plane. Interference fringes composed of dot images were controlled by using two electron biprisms. Using a V-shaped double slit, we confirmed that it is possible to observe interference fringes only when the path information of individual electrons is not available. Furthermore, we studied how the interference fringes would shift their detected positions when electron wave phases were modulated before illumination to the double slit. Phase shifts were generated by tilting electron beams. We confirmed that each single electron as a wave changed its phase even when it traveled alone inside the microscope.