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Squeezed Light and Entangled Images from Four-Wave-Mixing in Hot Rubidium Vapor

Raphael C. Pooser, Vincent Boyer, Alberto M. Marino, Paul D. Lett

Published Nov 21, 2012• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.

Related papers

Squeezed light and entangled images from four-wave-mixing in hot rubidium vapor

Raphael C. Pooser, Vincent Boyer, Alberto M. Marino +1 more

Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.

arXiv:0811.1243•Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 28, 2008•2 citations

Multi-Spatial-Mode Squeezed Light from Four-Wave Mixing in Hot Rb Vapor

Paul D. Lett, Vincent Boyer, Alberto M. Marino +4 more

We demonstrate multi-spatial-mode, nondegenerate four-wave mixing in hot atomic Rb vapor. We generate images with strong intensity-difference squeezing between the amplified probe and the generated conjugate beams. Measurements to quantify the multi-mode nature of the beams will be presented. We also report on progress in improving the relative-intensity squeezing. This narrowband, squeezed light near an atomic resonance is also of interest for experiments involving atomic ensembles.

Quantum-Atom Optics Downunder (QAO)•Jan 1, 2007•0 citations

Quantum squeezing and entanglement from a two-mode phase-sensitive amplifier via four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor

Yami Fang, Jietai Jing

Phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have been widely studied in fiber amplifiers, with remarkable recent advances. They have also been implemented in an SU(1,1) interferometer. In this paper, we study an experimental scheme for the implementation of a two-mode PSA based on a four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor. With the process seeded by coherent probe and conjugate beams, quantum correlation including intensity difference/sum squeezing and quadrature entanglement between the output probe and conjugate fields are theoretically analyzed. Compared to previous related research, several new and interesting results are reported here. The maximal degree of intensity difference squeezing can be enhanced by nearly 3 dB compared to a phase-insensitive amplifier with the same gain. It is also possible to generate intensity sum squeezing between the probe and conjugate fields by choosing the specific phase of the input beams. Moreover, quadrature entanglement between the probe and conjugate beams, which can be manipulated by the phase of the input beams, is predicted. Our scheme may find a variety of applications in quantum metrology and quantum information processing owing to its ability of quantum squeezing and entanglement manipulation.

New Journal of Physics•Feb 10, 2015•70 citations

Entangled Images from Four-Wave Mixing

Vincent Boyer, Alberto M. Marino, Raphael C. Pooser +1 more

Two beams of light can be quantum mechanically entangled through correlations of their phase and intensity fluctuations. For a pair of spatially extended image-carrying light fields, the concept of entanglement can be applied not only to the entire images but also to their smaller details. We used a spatially multimode amplifier based on four-wave mixing in a hot vapor to produce twin images that exhibit localized entanglement. The images can be bright fields that display position-dependent quantum noise reduction in their intensity difference or vacuum twin beams that are strongly entangled when projected onto a large range of different spatial modes. The high degree of spatial entanglement demonstrates that the system is an ideal source for parallel continuous-variable quantum information protocols.

Science•Jun 12, 2008•676 citations

Multi-spatial-mode single-beam quadrature squeezed states of light from four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor

Neil Corzo, Alberto M. Marino, K. M. Jones +1 more

We present experimental results on the generation of multi-spatial-mode, single-beam, quadrature squeezed light using four-wave mixing in hot Rb vapor. Squeezing and phase-sensitive deamplification are observed over a range of powers and detunings near the (85)Rb D1 atomic transition. We observe -3 dB of vacuum quadrature squeezing, comparable to the best single-spatial mode results previously reported using atomic vapors, however, produced here in multiple spatial modes. We confirm that the squeezing is present in more than one transverse mode by studying the spatial distribution of the noise properties of the field.

Optics Express•Oct 12, 2011•62 citations

Multi-mode squeezing of light via four-wave mixing in a hot rubidium vapour

Joshua Rayne

Light is used across a broad range of applications from imaging to communications. These fields have advanced sufficiently that measurements are now limited by the fundamental behaviour of light, such as fluctuations inherent to its quantum nature. This is dictated by quantum mechanics, most noticeably Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, having been adapted to describe light and form quantum optics. \nAs it is bound by the uncertainty principle, measuring an observable of light can be made more accurate by adding uncertainty to conjugate observables. This improved accuracy is then gauged against the quantum noise limit (QNL) of the measured observable. Such measurements are then squeezed where the noise of the measurement is below this QNL. In this thesis, we examine the squeezing of light via four wave mixing (4WM) in a rubidium 85 (Rb85) atomic vapour. This includes the generation and detection of squeezed light in its temporal and spatial degrees of freedom. We consider various methods of detection, such as homodyne detection to measure field quadratures, then intensity difference after a waveguide to observe preservation of local correlations, and finally local intensity difference squeezing with a CCD camera. \nThe three experiments each present different results. The broadband squeezing of light yielded variable squeezing across a bandwidth of 60MHz, displaying the multi-temporal mode nature of the process. Photodetection measurements and intensity difference of entangled light after being passed through a waveguide displayed local correlations between a range of corresponding regions within the beam profile, with squeezing of \\(\\sim\\)-1dB. CCD photodetection and intensity difference of this light showed squeezing of approximately -0.75dB in a single set of spatial Fourier frequencies encircling the central spatial frequency, 0mm\\(^{-1}\\), also referred to as DC, corresponding to 8 distinct squeezed spatial modes within the beams. \nThe use of a waveguide in transmitting local multi-spatial mode (MSM) correlations presents interesting possibilities in guiding said correlations for use in quantum communications and encryption protocols, with a vastly improved bit rate, if not also transmission of quantum images. This supplements the use of a CCD camera in measuring local MSM correlations in these beams which, in yielding positive results, can be utilized as a means of improved imaging beyond the QNL. \nGiven this exhaustive computational investigation, the results have conclusively shown MSM squeezing in signal beams generated from 4WM in a Rb85 vapour. Using the results from Chapter 6, this squeezing is distributed across 8 distinct spatial modes, with vertical spatial frequencies of ±4.96mm\\(^{-1}\\), ±2.48mm\\(^{-1}\\) and 0mm\\(^{-1}\\) and horizontal frequencies ±0.60mm\\(^{-1}\\), ±0.30mm\\(^{-1}\\) and 0mm\\(^{-1}\\). \nThese frequencies correspond to real space vertical sizes of 0.20mm and 0.40mm and horizontal sizes of 1.66mm and 3.33mm. These can be seen to be MSM squeezed regions, given that the size of the beams in the results were larger than this. The average height of the probe was 0.70mm, while the conjugate was 0.66mm while the average lengths were 6.17mm and 5.95mm. As these size exceed the length scales derived from the spatial frequencies, these frequencies thus show MSM squeezing.

•Jul 11, 2019•0 citations
Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.
Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.
Phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have been widely studied in fiber amplifiers, with remarkable recent advances. They have also been implemented in an SU(1,1) interferometer. In this paper, we study an experimental scheme for the implementation of a two-mode PSA based on a four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor. With the process seeded by coherent probe and conjugate beams, quantum correlation including intensity difference/sum squeezing and quadrature entanglement between the output probe and conjugate fields are theoretically analyzed. Compared to previous related research, several new and interesting results are reported here. The maximal degree of intensity difference squeezing can be enhanced by nearly 3 dB compared to a phase-insensitive amplifier with the same gain. It is also possible to generate intensity sum squeezing between the probe and conjugate fields by choosing the specific phase of the input beams. Moreover, quadrature entanglement between the probe and conjugate beams, which can be manipulated by the phase of the input beams, is predicted. Our scheme may find a variety of applications in quantum metrology and quantum information processing owing to its ability of quantum squeezing and entanglement manipulation.
Two beams of light can be quantum mechanically entangled through correlations of their phase and intensity fluctuations. For a pair of spatially extended image-carrying light fields, the concept of entanglement can be applied not only to the entire images but also to their smaller details. We used a spatially multimode amplifier based on four-wave mixing in a hot vapor to produce twin images that exhibit localized entanglement. The images can be bright fields that display position-dependent quantum noise reduction in their intensity difference or vacuum twin beams that are strongly entangled when projected onto a large range of different spatial modes. The high degree of spatial entanglement demonstrates that the system is an ideal source for parallel continuous-variable quantum information protocols.
We present experimental results on the generation of multi-spatial-mode, single-beam, quadrature squeezed light using four-wave mixing in hot Rb vapor. Squeezing and phase-sensitive deamplification are observed over a range of powers and detunings near the (85)Rb D1 atomic transition. We observe -3 dB of vacuum quadrature squeezing, comparable to the best single-spatial mode results previously reported using atomic vapors, however, produced here in multiple spatial modes. We confirm that the squeezing is present in more than one transverse mode by studying the spatial distribution of the noise properties of the field.
Light is used across a broad range of applications from imaging to communications. These fields have advanced sufficiently that measurements are now limited by the fundamental behaviour of light, such as fluctuations inherent to its quantum nature. This is dictated by quantum mechanics, most noticeably Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, having been adapted to describe light and form quantum optics. \nAs it is bound by the uncertainty principle, measuring an observable of light can be made more accurate by adding uncertainty to conjugate observables. This improved accuracy is then gauged against the quantum noise limit (QNL) of the measured observable. Such measurements are then squeezed where the noise of the measurement is below this QNL. In this thesis, we examine the squeezing of light via four wave mixing (4WM) in a rubidium 85 (Rb85) atomic vapour. This includes the generation and detection of squeezed light in its temporal and spatial degrees of freedom. We consider various methods of detection, such as homodyne detection to measure field quadratures, then intensity difference after a waveguide to observe preservation of local correlations, and finally local intensity difference squeezing with a CCD camera. \nThe three experiments each present different results. The broadband squeezing of light yielded variable squeezing across a bandwidth of 60MHz, displaying the multi-temporal mode nature of the process. Photodetection measurements and intensity difference of entangled light after being passed through a waveguide displayed local correlations between a range of corresponding regions within the beam profile, with squeezing of \\(\\sim\\)-1dB. CCD photodetection and intensity difference of this light showed squeezing of approximately -0.75dB in a single set of spatial Fourier frequencies encircling the central spatial frequency, 0mm\\(^{-1}\\), also referred to as DC, corresponding to 8 distinct squeezed spatial modes within the beams. \nThe use of a waveguide in transmitting local multi-spatial mode (MSM) correlations presents interesting possibilities in guiding said correlations for use in quantum communications and encryption protocols, with a vastly improved bit rate, if not also transmission of quantum images. This supplements the use of a CCD camera in measuring local MSM correlations in these beams which, in yielding positive results, can be utilized as a means of improved imaging beyond the QNL. \nGiven this exhaustive computational investigation, the results have conclusively shown MSM squeezing in signal beams generated from 4WM in a Rb85 vapour. Using the results from Chapter 6, this squeezing is distributed across 8 distinct spatial modes, with vertical spatial frequencies of ±4.96mm\\(^{-1}\\), ±2.48mm\\(^{-1}\\) and 0mm\\(^{-1}\\) and horizontal frequencies ±0.60mm\\(^{-1}\\), ±0.30mm\\(^{-1}\\) and 0mm\\(^{-1}\\). \nThese frequencies correspond to real space vertical sizes of 0.20mm and 0.40mm and horizontal sizes of 1.66mm and 3.33mm. These can be seen to be MSM squeezed regions, given that the size of the beams in the results were larger than this. The average height of the probe was 0.70mm, while the conjugate was 0.66mm while the average lengths were 6.17mm and 5.95mm. As these size exceed the length scales derived from the spatial frequencies, these frequencies thus show MSM squeezing.