A novel interpretation is given of Dirac's "wave equation for the relativistic electron" as a quantum-mechanical one-particle equation. In this interpretation the electron and the positron are merely the two different "topological spin" states of a single more fundamental particle, not distinct particles in their own right. The new interpretation is backed up by the existence of such bi-particle structures in general relativity, in particular the ring singularity present in any spacelike section of the maximal analytically extended, topologically non-trivial, electromagnetic Kerr-Newman spacetime in the zero-gravity limit (here, "zero-gravity" means the limit $G\to 0$, where $G$ is Newton's constant of universal gravitation). This novel interpretation resolves the dilemma that Dirac's wave equation seems to be capable of describing both the electron and the positron in "external" fields in many relevant situations, while the bi-spinorial wave function has only a single position variable in its argument, not two - as it should if it were a two-particle equation! A Dirac equation is formulated for a ring-like bi-particle which interacts with a static point charges located elsewhere in the topologically non-trivial physical space associated with the moving ring bi-particle, the motion being governed by a de-Broglie-Bohm type law extracted from the Dirac equation. As an application, the pertinent general-relativistic zero-gravity Hydrogen problem is studied in the usual Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Its spectral results suggest that the zero-$G$ Kerr-Newman magnetic moment be identified with the so-called "anomalous magnetic moment of the physical electron," not with the Bohr magneton, so that the ring radius is only a tiny fraction of the electron's Compton wave length.
A novel interpretation is given of Dirac's "wave equation for the relativistic electron" as a quantum-mechanical one-particle equation. In this interpretation the electron and the positron are merely the two different "topological spin" states of a single more fundamental particle, not distinct particles in their own right. The new interpretation is backed up by the existence of such bi-particle structures in general relativity, in particular the ring singularity present in any spacelike section of the maximal analytically extended, topologically non-trivial, electromagnetic Kerr-Newman spacetime in the zero-gravity limit (here, "zero-gravity" means the limit G→0, where G is Newton's constant of universal gravitation). This novel interpretation resolves the dilemma that Dirac's wave equation seems to be capable of describing both the electron and the positron in "external" fields in many relevant situations, while the bi-spinorial wave function has only a single position variable in its argument, not two - as it should if it were a two-particle equation! A Dirac equation is formulated for a ring-like bi-particle which interacts with a static point charges located elsewhere in the topologically non-trivial physical space associated with the moving ring bi-particle, the motion being governed by a de-Broglie-Bohm type law extracted from the Dirac equation. As an application, the pertinent general-relativistic zero-gravity Hydrogen problem is studied in the usual Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Its spectral results suggest that the zero-G Kerr-Newman magnetic moment be identified with the so-called "anomalous magnetic moment of the physical electron," not with the Bohr magneton, so that the ring radius is only a tiny fraction of the electron's Compton wave length.
Abstract A novel interpretation is given of Dirac’s ‘wave equation for the relativistic electron’ as a quantum-mechanical one-particle equation. In this interpretation the electron and the positron are merely the two different ‘topological spin’ states of a single more fundamental particle, not distinct particles in their own right. The new interpretation is backed up by the existence of such ‘bi-particle’ structures in general relativity, in particular the ring singularity present in any spacelike section of the spacetime singularity of the maximal-analytically extended, topologically non-trivial, electromagnetic Kerr–Newman (KN)spacetime in the zero-gravity limit (here, ‘zero-gravity’ means the limit , where G is Newton’s constant of universal gravitation). This novel interpretation resolves the dilemma that Dirac’s wave equation seems to be capable of describing both the electron and the positron in ‘external’ fields in many relevant situations, while the bi-spinorial wave function has only a single position variable in its argument, not two—as it should if it were a quantum-mechanical two-particle wave equation. A Dirac equation is formulated for such a ring-like bi-particle which interacts with a static point charge located elsewhere in the topologically non-trivial physical space associated with the moving ring particle, the motion being governed by a de Broglie–Bohm type law extracted from the Dirac equation. As an application, the pertinent general-relativistic zero-gravity hydrogen problem is studied in the usual Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Its spectral results suggest that the zero- G KN magnetic moment be identified with the so-called ‘anomalous magnetic moment of the physical electron,’ not with the Bohr magneton, so that the ring radius is only a tiny fraction of the electron’s reduced Compton wavelength.
The spherical model of electron cannot explain Bohr magneton, de Broglie wave, etc. To explain these properties physically, we propose that spin, one core concept of quantum theory, is a reality, and introduce this alternative solely based on experimental findings, Planck’s, Einstein’s, and Dirac’s insights, and follows classical laws, that an electron is an electrical wave with a literal 21 spin (Dirac), i.e., spins two circles in one cycle, both angular momentum are ℏ. Its wavelength is determined by E=hνm0=λm0hc=m0c2 (Plank and Einstein), λ m 0 is the Compton wavelength. As E⃗ ⊥ c⃗ for a transverse wave, it has a net electricity due to the first spin, f(Eq)=21E0(1−cos(2ω0t)), half of its cycle, i.e., the minimal meaningful unit as F = E q , is related with its charge, q = E q ϵ 0 . Moreover, an electron has a ring shape due to the second spin, 2 π R 0 = λ m 0 , λ m 0 is the electron-impact cross section. As ℏ=λm0h2πλm0=m0cR0, it has a quantized classical angular momentum, with a speed of c . The Bohr magneton, μB=2m0qℏ, g -factor is 2. Critically, the full Dirac’s equation of an electron with a constant velocity is mc=ℏ⊥+p⊥+ℏ//+p//, and its electromagnetic properties due to charge are f(Eq)=f(Eq)cc2−v′2+f(Eq)cv′=Enet//+Eq⊥, v′//ℏ⊥ or v′//ℏ//, and v′//Enet. Assuming heavy charged particles have equivalent though shall not identical mechanisms, mathematically this model is equivalent to Special Relativity, and supports ALL its formulas, i.e., v < c , E = m c 2 , direction-insensitive m = γ m 0 and t=γt0; Moreover, the net electricity Enet// and Bohr magneton is orientation-quantized, direction-sensitive and follows Lorentz transformation, leading to Lorentz transformation of length contraction; while following Relativity, magnetism can be defined by f(B)=f(Eq)c2v′, which is not circularly symmetric and self-evidently does not follow Lorentz transformation. The temporospatial averaged magnetic intensity of a current is relativistic, Bˉ=∑f(Eq)c2Δv=2πϵ0c2I=2πμ0I, and μ 0 ϵ 0 c 2 = 1, supporting Maxwell’s equations. Further implications include chirality therefore magnetic spatial quantization, de Broglie wave, etc. The spherical model should be just an observation due to orientation quantization of Enet. We conclude this model of electron may provide one step further to the ultimate Quantum Theory in a nonrelativistic spacetime.
We set up the Maxwell's equations and subsequently the classical wave equations for the electromagnetic waves which together with their generating source, an oscillatory charge of zero rest mass in general travelling, make up a particle travelling similarly as the source at velocity ν in the field of an external scalar and vector potentials. The direct solutions in constant external field are Doppler-displaced plane waves propagating at the velocity of light c ; at the de Broglie wavelength scale and expressed in terms of the dynamically equivalent and appropriate geometric mean wave variables, these render as functions identical to the space-time functions of a corresponding Dirac spinor, and in turn identical to de Broglie phase waves previously obtained from explicit superposition. For two spin-half particles of a common set of space-time functions constrained with antisymmetric spin functions as follows the Pauli principle for same charges and as separately indirectly induced based on experiment for opposite charges, the complete wave functions are identical to the Dirac spinor. The back-substitution of the so explicitly determined complete wave functions in the corresponding classical wave equations of the two particles, subjected further to reductions appropriate for the stationary-state particle motion and to rotation invariance when in three dimensions, give a Dirac equation set; the procedure and conclusion are directly extendible to arbitrarily varying potentials by use of the Furious theorem and to particle motions in three dimensions by virtue of the characteristics of de Broglie particle motion. Through the derivation of the Dirac equation, the study hopes to lend insight into the connections between the Dirac wave functions and the electrodynamic components of simple particles under the government by the well established basic laws of electrodynamics.
In this paper, it is presented a historical account of the formulation of the quantum relativistic wave equation of an electron – the Dirac equation, issues regarding its interpretation that arose from the very beginning, and the later formulation of this equation in relation to a quantized electron-positron field, which implies a new interpretation. The way in which solutions obtained under each interpretation of the equation relate to one another is also considered for the simple case of hydrogen-like problems.
Dirac's equation with static external fields is considered as an equation of relativistic quantum theory, which describes the quantum dynamics of an electron in four-dimensional space-time. It is shown that the Dirac electron has only one intrinsic degree of freedom -- spin. The quantum ensemble of an electron with a given energy consists of two inseparable from each other subensembles of heavy and light spin-1/2 quasiparticles to have opposite (relative) intrinsic parities. In the case of electrical scalar potential nonuniform in the direction of a particle motion, these subensembles behave as analogs of the electrical and magnetic components of the plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave propagating in a dispersive medium, nonuniform in the direction of a wave motion. The role of states with negative energies and the properties of the velocity operator are explained.
The Dirac equation stands as the cornerstone of relativistic quantum mechanics, successfully predicting spin and antimatter. However, its derivation is typically presented as a formal algebraic requirement—the linearization of the Hamiltonian—without a clear physical ontology explaining why nature demands such a structure. In this work, building upon a previously established model of particles as topologically anchored wave-defects in a continuous medium, we demonstrate that the Dirac equation is not merely an algebraic curiosity but a structural necessity. We show that the requirement to describe the causal, first-order evolution of a relativistic standing wave compels the state variable to possess a multi-component spinor structure. We explicitly derive the Clifford algebra of the dynamical operators and identify the emergent 4-component state space with the physical degrees of freedom of the defect: a local vibrational duality (Spin) coupled to a global topological orientability (Charge). Thus, the ”quantum strangeness” of the fermion—its spin-1/2 nature and antiparticle partner—are demystified, emerging as the natural description of a relativistic object with non-trivial topology.