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A graphical description of optical parametric generation of squeezed states of light

Bauchrowitz, J., Westphal, T., Schnabel, R.

Published Jan 1, 2013• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The standard process for the production of strongly squeezed states of light is optical parametric amplification (OPA) below threshold in dielectric media such as LiNbO3 or periodically poled KTP. Here, we present a graphical description of squeezed light generation via OPA. It visualizes the interaction between the nonlinear dielectric polarization of the medium and the electromagnetic quantum field. We explicitly focus on the transfer from the field's ground state to a squeezed vacuum state and from a coherent state to a bright squeezed state by the medium's secondorder nonlinearity, respectively. Our pictures visualize the phase dependent amplification and deamplification of quantum uncertainties and give the phase relations between all propagating electro-magnetic fields as well as the internally induced dielectric polarizations. The graphical description can also be used to describe the generation of nonclassical states of light via higherorder effects of the non-linear dielectric polarization such as four-wave mixing and the optical Kerr effect.

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Aug 15, 2005•0 citations
The standard process for the production of strongly squeezed states of light is optical parametric amplification (OPA) below threshold in dielectric media such as LiNbO3 or periodically poled KTP. Here, we present a graphical description of squeezed light generation via OPA. It visualizes the interaction between the nonlinear dielectric polarization of the medium and the electromagnetic quantum field. We explicitly focus on the transfer from the field's ground state to a squeezed vacuum state and from a coherent state to a bright squeezed state by the medium's secondorder nonlinearity, respectively. Our pictures visualize the phase dependent amplification and deamplification of quantum uncertainties and give the phase relations between all propagating electro-magnetic fields as well as the internally induced dielectric polarizations. The graphical description can also be used to describe the generation of nonclassical states of light via higherorder effects of the non-linear dielectric polarization such as four-wave mixing and the optical Kerr effect.
The standard process for the production of strongly squeezed states of light is degenerate optical parametric amplification (OPA) below threshold in nonlinear dielectric media such as LiNbO3 or periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP). Here, we present a graphical description of squeezed-light generation via OPA, visualizing the interaction between the nonlinear dielectric polarization of the medium and the electromagnetic quantum field. We explicitly focus on the transfer from the field's ground state to a squeezed vacuum state and from a coherent state to a bright squeezed state by the medium's second-order nonlinearity, respectively. Our pictures illustrate the phase-dependent amplification and deamplification of quantum uncertainties and give the phase relations between all propagating electromagnetic fields as well as the internally induced dielectric polarizations. The graphical description can also be used to describe the generation of nonclassical states of light via higher-order effects of the nonlinear dielectric polarization such as four-wave mixing and the optical Kerr effect.
Abstract The scheme of an arrangement is considered for the preparation of some non-classical superposed states from squeezed states by using the optical parametric amplifier (OPA) apparatus, which is based on an idea recently proposed to generate photon-added states from the coherent states of light. This technique allows one to obtain linear combinations of squeezed vacuum states (SVSs) and n-photon-added squeezed vacuum states (n-PASVSs), that can enrich the non-classicality of the SVSs and n-PASVSs and improve their performances in quantum information protocols. Their characteristics are greatly affected by the gain of the OPA and the coherent field amplitude (or, mean number of photons). For this purpose, a comprehensive analysis of the non-classical features of these states has been presented in four different behavioral regimes, i.e. low- and high-gain regimes in the presence of weak and strong coherent fields. Finally, the role of the gain parameter of the light state from OPA as one of the input states of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) apparatus in phase sensitivity optimization is discussed.
High-quality squeezed light is an important resource for a variety of applications. Multiple methods for generating squeezed light are known, having been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. However, the effectiveness of these methods—in particular, the inherent limitations to the signals that can be produced—has received little consideration. Here we present a comparative theoretical analysis for generating a highly displaced squeezed light from a linear optical method—a beamsplitter mixing a squeezed vacuum and a strong coherent state—and well-studied parametric amplification methods including an optical parametric oscillator, an optical parametric amplifier, and a dissipative optomechanical squeezer seeded with coherent states. We show that the quality of highly displaced squeezed states that can be generated using these methods is limited on a fundamental level by the physical mechanism utilized; across all methods there are significant trade-offs between displacement, squeezing, and overall uncertainty. We explore the nature and extent of these trade-offs specific to each mechanism and identify the optimal operation modes for each. Finally, we identify the conditions for minimum-uncertainty squeezing in arbitrary parametric amplifying systems and show that displacing the output signal will in general violate these conditions, adding noise and degrading squeezing.
Generation and manipulation of continuous variable quantum states are the building blocks of quantum communication, quantum key distribution and quantum networks. According to the second-order nonlinear process of the periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystal, we design a semi-monolithic optical parametric amplifier (OPA) cavity to generate the bright squeezed light at a wavelength of 1064 nm. With the injection of a seed beam, the squeezed state generated by the OPA has a coherent amplitude, so called bright squeezed state. The squeezing level is directly observed to be –11.6 dB when the pump power is 310 mW at an analysis frequency of 3 MHz. However, with the increase of the pump power, the purity of the squeezed state gets lower and lower due to the increased influence of the anti-squeezing quadrature component on the squeezed quadrature component in the detection process. To obtain a higher purity of the squeezed state for achieving linear optical manipulation and quantum tomography, we choose the pump power of 50 mW, the squeezing level decreases to –6 dB, and the purity of the squeezed state is 98.5% in this case. An electro-optic modulator is adopted to realize the liner manipulation of the squeezed light in the phase space. During the measurement of the bright squeezed state, all the data are taken on condition that the length of the OPA cavity and relative phase between the seed beam and the pump beam are locked by a locking loop. The direct current (DC) signal of the balanced homodyne detection (BHD) is used to accurately determine the phase corresponding to the time domain signal of the squeezed state, while the alternate current (AC) signal of the BHD is mixed with the signal generated by the function generator, after passing through a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter, the signal is then amplified by using a low-noise amplifier. A high-performance oscilloscope is finally used to simultaneously collect the signals, thus obtaining the quantum noise signal of the bright squeezed light after linear manipulation. Together with the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm, the quantum tomography, the density matrix and the Wigner function of the bright squeezed light are obtained, that is, all the information such as the photon number distribution of the quantum state is determined. Multiple iterations are taken in the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm process to eliminate the influence of the low quantum efficiency on the detection system, so that the density matrix is fitted well with the theoretical results.
The minimum resolvable signal in optical metrology and sensing applications is usually limited by the so-called standard quantum limit. One way to improve the signal-to-noise ratio is to use squeezed states of light. Squeezed light can be generated using different types of nonlinear interactions either in solid-state nonlinear crystals or in atomic systems. One way to generate squeezed light is to use a phase sensitive amplifier that will amplify one quadrature of the considered mode and deamplify the other one. We have recently shown that metastable helium vapor at room temperature can exhibit strong four-wave mixing effects and behave like a perfect phase sensitive amplifier when it is prepared in coherent population trapping situation. In this talk, we will present the application of this phase sensitive amplification to the generation of squeezed vacuum states of light and detail the performances and limitations of the system
Optical parametric process occurring in a photonic-band-gap planar waveguide is studied from the point of view of nonclassical-light generation. Nonlinearly interacting optical fields are described by the generalized superposition of coherent signals and noise using the method of quantum linear corrections to a classical strong mean-field' solution. Scattered back-propagating fields are taken into account. The possibility to generate squeezed light and light with sub-Poissonian statistics in dependence on the strength of scattering, strength of nonlinear interaction, linear and nonlinear phase mismatches as well as characteristics of the states of optical fields incident on the waveguide is discussed in detail.