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THE EXISTENCE PROBLEM FOR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS IN QUANTUM PROBABILITY

Palle E. T. Jørgensen

Published Jan 1, 2002• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We consider hermitian dissipative mappings δ which are densely defined in unital C ∗-algebras A. The identity element in A is also in the domain of δ. Completely dissipative maps δ are defined by the requirement that the induced maps, (aij) → (δ(aij)), are dissipative on the n by n complex matrices over A for all n. We establish the existence of different types of maximal extensions of completely dissipative maps. If the enveloping von Neumann algebra of A is injective, we show the existence of an extension of δ which is the infinitesimal generator of a quantum dynamical semigroup of completely positive maps in the von Neumann algebra. If δ is a given well-behaved ∗-derivation, then we show that each of the maps ±δ is completely dissipative. 1.

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We consider hermitian dissipative mappings δ which are densely defined in unital C ∗-algebras A. The identity element in A is also in the domain of δ. Completely dissipative maps δ are defined by the requirement that the induced maps, (aij) → (δ(aij)), are dissipative on the n by n complex matrices over A for all n. We establish the existence of different types of maximal extensions of completely dissipative maps. If the enveloping von Neumann algebra of A is injective, we show the existence of an extension of δ which is the infinitesimal generator of a quantum dynamical semigroup of completely positive maps in the von Neumann algebra. If δ is a given well-behaved ∗-derivation, then we show that each of the maps ±δ is completely dissipative. 1.
Motivated by existence problems for dissipative systems arising naturally in lattice models from quantum statistical mechanics, we consider the following C*-algebraic setting: A given Hermitian dissipative mapping δ is densely defined in a unital C*-algebra A. The identity element in A is also in the domain of δ. Completely dissipative maps δ are defined by the requirement that the induced maps, (aij)→(δ(aij)), are dissipative on the n-by-n complex matrices over A for all n. We establish the existence of different types of maximal extensions of completely dissipative maps. If the enveloping von Neumann algebra of A is injective, we show the existence of an extension of δ which is the infinitesimal generator of a quantum dynamical semigroup of completely positive maps in the von Neumann algebra. If δ is a given well-behaved *-derivation, then we show that each of the maps ±δ is completely dissipative.
We investigate some particular completely positive maps which admit a stable commutative Von Neumann subalgebra. The restriction of such maps to the stable algebra is then a Markov operator. In the first part of this article, we propose a recipe in order to find a quantum extension of a given Markov operator in the above sense. We show that the existence of such an extension is linked with the existence of a special form of dilation for the Markov operator studied by Attal in \cite{Att1}, reducing the problem to the extension of dynamical system. We then apply our method to the same problem in continuous time, proving the existence of a quantum extension for Lévy processes. In the second part of this article, we focus on the case where the commutative algebra is isomorphic to $\Acal=l^\infty(1,...,N)$ with NNN either finite or infinite. We propose a classification of the CP maps leaving $\Acal$ stable, producing physical examples of each classes.
Let us now restrict ourselves to the case when the general locally convex space X is replaced by a C * or a von Neumann algebra A , and study the implications of the complete positivity of a semigroup T t acting on it. Definition 3.0.1 A quantum dynamical semigroup (Q.D.S) on a C * -algebra A is a contractive semigroup T t of class C 0 such that each T t is a completely positive map from A to itself. T t is said to be conservative if T t (1) = 1 for all t ≥ 0. Generators of uniformly continuous quantum dynamical semigroups: the theorems of Lindblad and Christensen–Evans For a uniformly continuous semigroup on a von Neumann algebra A ⊆ B ( h ), we have the following result. Lemma 3.1.1 Let T t = e tL be a uniformly continuous contractive semigroup acting on A with L as the generator. Then T t is normal for each t if and only if L is ultra-strongly (and hence ultra-weakly) continuous on any norm-bounded subset of A . Proof : Let us first note that L is norm-bounded. If L is ultra-strongly continuous on bounded sets, then clearly e tL is ultra-strongly continuous on bounded sets for each t , and hence normal. For the converse, first note that for any t ≥ 0 and x ∈ A , we have Hence it is not difficult to see that Now suppose that x α is a net of elements in A such that x α strongly converges to x ∈ A and there exists positive constant M such that ∥ x α ∥ ≤ M for all α. Fix u ∈ h and ∈ > 0. Choose t 0 small enough so that ∥ L ∥ 2 M ∥ u ∥ t 0 ≤ ∈.
In this chapter, we define and explore basic properties of a quantum Markov semigroup { I t , t ≥ 0} of linear maps on the C* -algebra or von Neumann algebra A that characterizes the quantum system. The quantum Markov semigroup (QMS) plays a key role in describing quantum Markov processes that are to be explored in the subsequent chapters. The concept of QMS extends the semigroup of probability transition operators { T t , t ≥ 0} for a classical Markov process to its noncommutative counterpart. Suppose the classical Markov process { X t , t ≥ 0} is defined on the complete filtered classical probability space (Ω, Ƒ, P ; {Ƒ t , t ≥ 0}) and with values in a measurable space (핏, B (X)). Recall that for each t ≥ 0, the probability transition operator T t : L ∞ (X, B (X)) → L ∞ (X, B (X)) by ( T t f )( X s ) = E x [ f ( X s + t ) | Ƒ s ] ∀ s , t ≥ 0. A semigroup of linear maps on the C* -algebra or von Neumann algebra A is said to be a quantum dynamical semigroup (QDS) if (i) I 0 = J (the identity operator on A ); (ii) I t I s = I t + s for all t , s ≥ 0; (iii) I t is completely positive for each t ≥ 0; and (iv) I t is σ weakly continuous on A , i.e., a ↦ tr ( ρI t ( a )) is continuous from A to ℂ for each ρ ∈ S ( A ) (the space of quantum states) and for each t ≥ 0. If in addition I t ( I ) = I , (respectively, I t ( I ) ≤ I ) for all t ≥ 0, then the QDS is said to be a quantum Makrov semigroup (QMS) (respectively, quantum sub-Markov semigroup).
Stochastic matrices and positive maps in matrix algebras have proved to be very important tools for analysing classical and quantum systems. In particular they represent a natural set of transformations for classical and quantum states, respectively. Here we introduce the notion of pseudo-stochastic matrices and consider their semigroup property. Unlike stochastic matrices, pseudo-stochastic matrices are permitted to have matrix elements which are negative while respecting the requirement that the sum of the elements of each column is one. They also allow for convex combinations, and carry a Lie group structure which permits the introduction of Lie algebra generators. The quantum analog of a pseudo-stochastic matrix exists and is called a pseudo-positive map. They have the property of transforming a subset of quantum states (characterized by maximal purity or minimal von Neumann entropy requirements) into quantum states. Examples of qubit dynamics connected with ‘diamond’ sets of stochastic matrices and pseudo-positive maps are dealt with.