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Narrow-bandwidth sensing of high-frequency fields with continuous dynamical decoupling

Alexander Stark, N. Aharon, Thomas Unden, Daniel Louzon, Alexander Huck, Alex Retzker, Ulrik L. Andersen, Fedor Jelezko

Published Jan 1, 2017• 25 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract State-of-the-art methods for sensing weak AC fields are only efficient in the low frequency domain (

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Abstract State-of-the-art methods for sensing weak AC fields are only efficient in the low frequency domain (<10 MHz). The inefficiency of sensing high-frequency signals is due to the lack of ability to use dynamical decoupling. In this paper we show that dynamical decoupling can be incorporated into high-frequency sensing schemes and by this we demonstrate that the high sensitivity achieved for low frequency can be extended to the whole spectrum. While our scheme is general and suitable to a variety of atomic and solid-state systems, we experimentally demonstrate it with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. For a diamond with natural abundance of 13 C, we achieve coherence times up to 1.43 ms resulting in a smallest detectable magnetic field strength of 4 nT at 1.6 GHz. Attributed to the inherent nature of our scheme, we observe an additional increase in coherence time due to the signal itself.
Quantum sensors using solid-state spin defects excel in the detection of radiofrequency (RF) fields, serving various applications in communication, ranging, and sensing. For this purpose, pulsed dynamical decoupling (PDD) protocols are typically applied, which enhance sensitivity to RF signals. However, these methods are limited to frequencies of a few megahertz, which poses a challenge for sensing higher frequencies. We introduce an alternative approach based on a continuous dynamical decoupling (CDD) scheme involving dressed states of nitrogen vacancy (NV) ensemble spins driven within a microwave resonator. We compare the CDD methods to established PDD protocols and demonstrate the detection of RF signals up to ~85 MHz, about ten times the current limit imposed by the PDD approach under identical conditions. Implementing the CDD method in a heterodyne/synchronized protocol combines the high-frequency detection with high spectral resolution. This advancement extends to various domains requiring detection in the high frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) ranges of the RF spectrum, including spin sensor-based magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high magnetic fields.
We experimentally demonstrate a protocol that effectively suppresses low-frequency noise, including the qubit-bath interaction in diamond. This enables the detection of ac signals below 1 MHz with an increased signal-to-noise ratio of up to approximately 17. The method is based on ac magnetometry with single- and doubly dressed states, which are adiabatically transferred from the initial bare qubit states via concatenated continuous dynamical decoupling. We compare the dressed-state protocols with a conventional pulsed dynamical decoupling method, XY16. This work paves an alternative way toward the sensitive detection of weakly coupled nuclear spins in low-field NMR experiments and submegahertz ac magnetometry.