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The Frobenius formalism in Galois quantum systems

Apostol Vourdas

Published May 5, 2006• 18 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum systems in which the position and momentum take values in the ring ${\\cal Z}_d$ and which are described with $d$-dimensional Hilbert space, are considered. When $d$ is the power of a prime, the position and momentum take values in the Galois field $GF(p^ \\ell)$, the position-momentum phase space is a finite geometry and the corresponding `Galois quantum systems' have stronger properties. The study of these systems uses ideas from the subject of field extension in the context of quantum mechanics. The Frobenius automorphism in Galois fields leads to Frobenius subspaces and Frobenius transformations in Galois quantum systems. Links between the Frobenius formalism and Riemann surfaces, are discussed.

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Geometries over Galois fields (and related finite combinatorial structures/algebras) have recently been recognized to play an ever-increasing role in quantum theory, especially when addressing properties of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). The purpose of this contribution is to show that completely new vistas open up if we consider a generalized class of finite (projective) geometries, viz. those defined over Galois rings and/or other finite Hjelmslev rings. The case is illustrated by demonstrating that the basic combinatorial properties of a complete set of MUBs of a q-dimensional Hilbert space [Formula: see text], q = prwith p being a prime and r a positive integer, are qualitatively mimicked by the configuration of points lying on a proper conic in a projective Hjelmslev plane defined over a Galois ring of characteristic p2and rank r. The q vectors of a basis of [Formula: see text] correspond to the q points of a (so-called) neighbour class and the q + 1 MUBs answer to the total number of (pairwise disjoint) neighbour classes on the conic. Although this remarkable analogy is still established at the level of cardinalities only, we currently work on constructing an explicit mapping by associating a MUB to each neighbour class of the points of the conic and a state vector of this MUB to a particular point of the class. Further research in this direction may prove to be of great relevance for many areas of quantum information theory, in particular for quantum information processing.

International Journal of Modern Physics B•May 20, 2006•14 citations
Quantum systems in which the position and momentum take values in the ring calZd{\\cal Z}_dcalZd​ and which are described with ddd-dimensional Hilbert space, are considered. When ddd is the power of a prime, the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF(p^ \\ell), the position-momentum phase space is a finite geometry and the corresponding `Galois quantum systems' have stronger properties. The study of these systems uses ideas from the subject of field extension in the context of quantum mechanics. The Frobenius automorphism in Galois fields leads to Frobenius subspaces and Frobenius transformations in Galois quantum systems. Links between the Frobenius formalism and Riemann surfaces, are discussed.
Finite quantum systems in which the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF(pℓ), are studied. Ideas from the subject of field extension are transferred in the context of quantum mechanics. The Frobenius automorphisms in Galois fields lead naturally to the “Frobenius formalism” in a quantum context. The Hilbert space splits into “Frobenius subspaces” which are labeled with the irreducible polynomials associated with the ypℓ−y. The Frobenius maps transform unitarily the states of a Galois quantum system and leave fixed all states in some of its Galois subsystems (where the position and momentum take values in subfields of GF(pℓ)). An analytic representation of these systems in the ℓ-sheeted complex plane shows deeper links between Galois theory and Riemann surfaces.
A 'Galois quantum system' in which the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF( p ℓ ) is considered. It is comprised of ℓ-component systems which are coupled in a particular way and is described by a certain class of Hamiltonians. Displacements in the GF( p ℓ ) × GF( p ℓ ) phase space and the corresponding Heisenberg–Weyl group are studied. Symplectic transformations are shown to form the Sp(2, GF( p ℓ )) group. Wigner and Weyl functions are defined and their properties are studied. Frobenius symmetries, which are based on Frobenius automorphisms in the theory of Galois fields, are a unique feature of these systems (for ℓ ⩾ 2). If they commute with the Hamiltonian, there are constants of motion which are discussed. An analytic representation in the ℓ-sheeted complex plane provides an elegant formalism that embodies the properties of Frobenius transformations. The difference between a Galois quantum system and other finite quantum systems where the position and momentum take values in the ring is discussed.
A finite quantum system in which the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF( p ℓ ) is constructed from a smaller quantum system in which the position and momentum take values in , using field extension. The Galois trace is used in the definition of the Fourier transform. The Heisenberg–Weyl group of displacements and the Sp(2, GF( p ℓ )) group of symplectic transformations are studied. A class of transformations inspired by the Frobenius maps in Galois fields is introduced. The relationship of this 'Galois quantum system' with its subsystems in which the position and momentum take values in subfields of GF( p ℓ ) is discussed.
Geometries over Galois fields (and related finite combinatorial structures/algebras) have recently been recognized to play an ever-increasing role in quantum theory, especially when addressing properties of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). The purpose of this contribution is to show that completely new vistas open up if we consider a generalized class of finite (projective) geometries, viz. those defined over Galois rings and/or other finite Hjelmslev rings. The case is illustrated by demonstrating that the basic combinatorial properties of a complete set of MUBs of a q-dimensional Hilbert space [Formula: see text], q = prwith p being a prime and r a positive integer, are qualitatively mimicked by the configuration of points lying on a proper conic in a projective Hjelmslev plane defined over a Galois ring of characteristic p2and rank r. The q vectors of a basis of [Formula: see text] correspond to the q points of a (so-called) neighbour class and the q + 1 MUBs answer to the total number of (pairwise disjoint) neighbour classes on the conic. Although this remarkable analogy is still established at the level of cardinalities only, we currently work on constructing an explicit mapping by associating a MUB to each neighbour class of the points of the conic and a state vector of this MUB to a particular point of the class. Further research in this direction may prove to be of great relevance for many areas of quantum information theory, in particular for quantum information processing.