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Hamiltonian Flow Equations for the Lipkin Model

Hans J. Pirner, Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany). Inst. fuer Kernphysik), Bengt L. Friman, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt (Germany)

Published Jan 1, 1998• 11 citations
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Abstract

We derive Hamiltonian flow equations giving the evolution of the Lipkin Hamiltonian to a diagonal form using continuous unitary transformations. To close the system of flow equations, we present two different schemes. First we linearize an operator with three pairs of creation and destruction operators by reducing it to the $z$ component of the quasi spin. We obtain the well known RPA-result in the limit of large particle number. In the second scheme we introduce a new operator which improves the resulting spectrum considerably especially for few particles.

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We derive Hamiltonian flow equations giving the evolution of the Lipkin Hamiltonian to a diagonal form using continuous unitary transformations. To close the system of flow equations, we present two different schemes. First we linearize an operator with three pairs of creation and destruction operators by reducing it to the zzz component of the quasi spin. We obtain the well known RPA-result in the limit of large particle number. In the second scheme we introduce a new operator which improves the resulting spectrum considerably especially for few particles.
The flow equations describing the continuous unitary transformation which brings the Hamiltonian closer to diagonality are derived and solved exactly for the Lipkin model in the Holstein-Primakoff boson representation and for a large particle number N . The transformed Hamiltonian is diagonal in order 1/ N 3 , extending known linear transformations to next-higher orders in the inverse particle number. This approach quite naturally allows one to preserve the tridiagonal structure of the original Lipkin Hamiltonian in the course of the transformation. Exact analytical results for the coupling functions and explicit expressions for the ground state energy and for the energy gap to the first excited state in order 1/ N 2 are presented and are compared with the accurate numerical values.
Accepted for publication in European Physical Journal Continuous unitary transformations can be used to diagonalize or approximately diagonalize a given Hamiltonian. In the last four years, this method has been applied to a variety of models of condensed matter physics and field theory. With a new generator for the continuous unitary transformation proposed in this paper one can avoid some of the problems of former applications. General properties of the new generator are derived. It turns out that the new generator is especially useful for Hamiltonians with a banded structure. Two examples, the Lipkin model, and the spin–boson model are discussed in detail. PACS-Numbers: 03.65.-w, 02.70.Hm, 31.15.+q, 21.60.-n 1 E–mail:
To contrast different generators for flow equations for Hamiltonians and to discuss the dependence of physical quantities on unitarily equivalent, but effectively different, initial Hamiltonians, a numerically solvable model is considered which is structurally similar to impurity models. By this we discuss the question of optimization for the first time. A general truncation scheme is established that produces good results for the Hamiltonian flow as well as for the operator flow. Nevertheless, it is also pointed out that a systematic and feasible scheme for the operator flow on the operator level is missing. For this, an explicit analysis of the operator flow is given for the first time. We observe that truncation of the series of the observable flow after the linear or bilinear terms does not yield satisfactory results for the entire parameter regime as—especially close to resonances—even high orders of the exact series expansion carry considerable weight.
We use a novel parametrization of the flowing Hamiltonian to show that the flow equations based on continuous unitary transformations, as proposed by Wegner, can be implemented through a nonlinear partial differential equation involving one flow parameter and two system specific auxiliary variables. The implementation is non-perturbative as the partial differential equation involves a systematic expansion in fluctuations, controlled by the size of the system, rather than the coupling constant. The method is applied to the Lipkin model to construct a mapping which maps the non-interacting spectrum onto the interacting spectrum to a very high accuracy. This function is universal in the sense that the full spectrum for any (large) number of particles can be obtained from it. In a similar way expectation values for a large class of operators can be obtained, which also makes it possible to probe the structure of the eigenstates.
Abstract Flow‐equations are introduced in order to bring Hamiltonians closer to diagonalization. It is characteristic for these equations that matrix‐elements between degenerate or almost degenerate states do not decay or decay very slowly. In order to understand different types of physical systems in this framework it is probably necessary to classify various types of these degeneracies and to investigate the corresponding physical behavior. In general these equations generate many‐particle interactions. However, for an n‐orbital model the equations for the two‐particle interaction are closed in the limit of large n. Solutions of these equations for a one‐dimensional model are considered. There appear convergency problems, which are removed, if instead of diagonalization only a block‐diagonalization into blocks with the same number of quasiparticles is performed.
Using a continuous unitary transformation recently proposed by Wegner \cite{Wegner} together with an approximation that neglects irrelevant contributions, we obtain flow equations for Hamiltonians. These flow equations yield a diagonal or almost diagonal Hamiltonian. As an example we investigate the Anderson Hamiltonian for dilute magnetic alloys. We study the different fixed points of the flow equations and the corresponding relevant, marginal or irrelevant contributions. Our results are consistent with results obtained by a numerical renormalization group method, but our approach is considerably simpler.