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Quantum dot spin cellular automata for realizing a quantum processor

Abolfazl Bayat, C. E. Creffield, Jefferson, John Henry, M. Pepper, Sougato Bose

Published Sep 7, 2015• 14 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We show how single quantum dots, each hosting a singlet–triplet qubit, can be placed in arrays to build a spin quantum cellular automaton. A fast (∼10 ns) deterministic coherent singlet–triplet filtering, as opposed to current incoherent tunneling/slow-adiabatic based quantum gates (operation time ∼300 ns), can be employed to produce a two-qubit gate through capacitive (electrostatic) couplings that can operate over significant distances. This is the coherent version of the widely discussed charge and nano-magnet cellular automata, and would increase speed, reduce dissipation, and perform quantum computation while interfacing smoothly with its classical counterpart. This combines the best of two worlds—the coherence of spin pairs known from quantum technologies, and the strength and range of electrostatic couplings from the charge-based classical cellular automata. Significantly our system has zero electric dipole moment during the whole operation process, thereby increasing its charge dephasing time.

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We show how single quantum dots, each hosting a singlet–triplet qubit, can be placed in arrays to build a spin quantum cellular automaton. A fast (∼10 ns) deterministic coherent singlet–triplet filtering, as opposed to current incoherent tunneling/slow-adiabatic based quantum gates (operation time ∼300 ns), can be employed to produce a two-qubit gate through capacitive (electrostatic) couplings that can operate over significant distances. This is the coherent version of the widely discussed charge and nano-magnet cellular automata, and would increase speed, reduce dissipation, and perform quantum computation while interfacing smoothly with its classical counterpart. This combines the best of two worlds—the coherence of spin pairs known from quantum technologies, and the strength and range of electrostatic couplings from the charge-based classical cellular automata. Significantly our system has zero electric dipole moment during the whole operation process, thereby increasing its charge dephasing time.
A two-level quantum system is the building block of a quantum computer. This pair of quantum states defines the computational unit of a quantum computer, and it is called a quantum bit or qubit in analogy to the bit that is the binary unit of a classical computer. The spin of a single electron naturally defines such a two-level quantum system. A quantum dot can be tuned to the single-electron regime, and an array of singly occupied quantum dots provides a multi-qubit register. This thesis describes the multielectron encoding of a spin qubit using a pair or a trio of quantum dots, and it analyzes the coherence properties and manipulation protocols of this system. The singlet-triplet qubit, coded using the singlet state and the spinless triplet state of a pair of singly occupied quantum dots, can be controlled all electrically when applying voltages to gates close to the quantum dot structure. Rapid, subnanosecond modifications of the double quantum dot's charge configuration have been realized successfully. A small magnetic field gradient across the double quantum dot enables universal qubit control. Two modifications of the normal singlet-triplet encoding are introduced. (1) The six-electron configuration of a double quantum dot encodes a singlet-triplet qubit in the same way as for the two-electron double quantum dot. Two electrons at each quantum dot are irrelevant for the qubit manipulations because they are paired in a singlet state; the remaining two electrons encode the qubit. The qubit's wave function is immune to charge noise at moderate out-of-plane magnetic fields. (2) A singlet-triplet qubit encoded using two quantum dots of different sizes has an orbital state degeneracy of the singlet state and the spinless triplet state at finite out-of-plane magnetic fields. Spin-orbit interactions lift this state degeneracy, while the magnitude of the state coupling is determined by the size difference of the QDs. This setup enables the manipulations of singlet-triplet qubits without the need for magnetic field gradients. Finally, two-qubit gates between singlet-triplet qubits are proposed that use mediated exchange interactions via one quantum state. These operations are well controlled and highly noise insensitive. Orbital interactions alone can control spin qubits coded in a three electron Hilbert space. For example, the exchange-only qubit is encoded using three singly occupied quantum dots. The exchange interactions of two quantum dot pairs need to be modified to manipulate this qubit. The noise sensitivity of the exchange-only qubit is discussed. Alternatively, a three-electron qubit at a double quantum dot can be operated when single electrons are transferred between the quantum dots. Fast, subnanosecond manipulations of the double quantum dot's charge configuration are required to realize single-qubit gates. A novel two-qubit pulse gate for the three-electron double quantum dot qubit is proposed.
Taking the excess electron spin in a unit cell of semiconductor multiple quantum-dot structure as a qubit, we can implement scalable quantum computation without resorting to spin-spin interactions. The technique of single electron tunnelings and the structure of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are used to create a charge entangled state of two electrons which is then converted into spin entanglement states by using single spin rotations. Deterministic two-qubit quantum gates can also be manipulated using only single spin rotations with help of QCA. A single-short read-out of spin states can be realized by coupling the unit cell to a quantum point contact.
We report coherent operation of a singlet-triplet qubit controlled by the spatial arrangement of two confined electrons in an adjacent double quantum dot that is electrostatically coupled to the qubit. This four-dot system is the specific device geometry needed for two-qubit operations of a two-electron spin qubit. We extract the strength of the capacitive coupling between qubit and adjacent double quantum dot and show that the present geometry allows fast conditional gate operation, opening pathways toward implementation of a universal set of gates for singlet-triplet spin qubits.
Single-spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots proposed by Loss and DiVincenzo (LD qubits) hold promise for universal quantum computation with demonstrations of a high single-qubit gate fidelity above 99.9 % and two-qubit gates in conjunction with a long coherence time. However, initialization and readout of a qubit is orders of magnitude slower than control, which is detrimental for implementing measurement-based protocols such as error-correcting codes. In contrast, a singlet-triplet (ST) qubit, encoded in a two-spin subspace, has the virtue of fast readout with high fidelity and tunable coupling to the electric field. Here, we present a hybrid system which benefits from the different advantages of these two distinct spin-qubit implementations. A quantum interface between the two codes is realized by electrically tunable inter-qubit exchange coupling. We demonstrate a controlled-phase (CPHASE) gate that acts within 5.5 ns, much faster than the measured dephasing time of 211 ns. The presented hybrid architecture will be useful to settle remaining key problems with building scalable spin-based quantum computers.
Using electron spin states in a unit cell of three semiconductor quantum dots as qubit states, a scalable quantum computation scheme is advocated without invoking qubit-qubit interactions. Single electron tunneling technology and coherent quantum-dot cellular automata architecture are used to generate an ancillary charge entangled state which is then converted into spin entangled state. Without using charge measurement and ancillary qubits, we demonstrate universal quantum computation based on free electron spin and coherent quantum-dot cellular automata.
Without resorting to spin-spin coupling, we propose a scalable spin quantum computing scheme assisted with a semiconductor multiple-quantum-dot structure. The techniques of single electron transitions and the nanostructure of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are used to generate charge entangled states of two electrons, which are then converted into spin entanglement states using single-spin rotations only. Deterministic two-qubit quantum gates are also manipulated using only single-spin rotations with the help of QCA. A single-shot readout of spin states can be carried out by coupling the multiple dot structure to a quantum point contact. As a result, deterministic spin-interaction-free quantum computing can be implemented in semiconductor nanostructure.