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Optics Express

Gbps physical random bit generation based on the mesoscopic chaos of a silicon photonics crystal microcavity

Binglei Shi, Ciwei Luo, Jaime Gonzalo Flor Flores, Guo‐Qiang Lo, Dim‐Lee Kwong, Jiagui Wu, Chee Wei Wong

Published Oct 26, 2020• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an experimental and theoretical physical random bit (PRB) generator using the mesoscopic chaos from a photonic-crystal optomechanical microcavity with a size of ∼10µm and very low operating intracavity energy of ∼60 Femto-Joule that was fabricated with CMOS compatible processes. Moreover, two kinds of PRB generation were proposed with rates over gigabits per second (Gbps). The randomness of the large PRB strings was further verified using the NIST Special Publication 800-22. In addition, the Diehard statistical test was also used to confirm the quality of the obtained PRBs. The results of this study can offer a new generation of dedicated PRB solutions that can be integrated on Si substrates, which can speed up systems and eliminate reliance on external mechanisms for randomness collection.

DOI
10.1364/oe.404923

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IEEE photonics journal•Mar 7, 2019•20 citations
We present an experimental and theoretical physical random bit (PRB) generator using the mesoscopic chaos from a photonic-crystal optomechanical microcavity with a size of ∼10µm and very low operating intracavity energy of ∼60 Femto-Joule that was fabricated with CMOS compatible processes. Moreover, two kinds of PRB generation were proposed with rates over gigabits per second (Gbps). The randomness of the large PRB strings was further verified using the NIST Special Publication 800-22. In addition, the Diehard statistical test was also used to confirm the quality of the obtained PRBs. The results of this study can offer a new generation of dedicated PRB solutions that can be integrated on Si substrates, which can speed up systems and eliminate reliance on external mechanisms for randomness collection.
Ultrafast physical random bit (PRB) generators and integrated schemes have proven to be valuable in a broad range of scientific and technological applications. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated a PRB scheme with a chaotic microcomb using a chip-scale integrated resonator. A microcomb contained hundreds of chaotic channels, and each comb tooth functioned as an entropy source for the PRB. First, a 12 Gbits/s PRB signal was obtained for each tooth channel with proper post-processing and passed the NIST Special Publication 800-22 statistical tests. The chaotic microcomb covered a wavelength range from 1430 to 1675 nm with a free spectral range (FSR) of 100 GHz. Consequently, the combined random bit sequence could achieve an ultra-high rate of about 4 Tbits/s (12 Gbits/s × 294 = 3.528 Tbits/s), with 294 teeth in the experimental microcomb. Additionally, denser microcombs were experimentally realized using an integrated resonator with 33.6 GHz FSR. A total of 805 chaotic comb teeth were observed and covered the wavelength range from 1430 to 1670 nm. In each tooth channel, 12 Gbits/s random sequences was generated, which passed the NIST test. Consequently, the total rate of the PRB was approximately 10 Tbits/s (12 Gbits/s × 805 = 9.66 Tbits/s). These results could offer potential chip solutions of Pbits/s PRB with the features of low cost and a high degree of parallelism.
We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a high-speed physical random bit generator at gigabits/second without the time-delay signature based on chaotic power fluctuations of a random fiber laser. The random fiber laser is configured using a ring structure with semiconductor optical amplifiers as the optical gain and a fiber random grating as the random feedback medium. The long-length ring cavity provides a large number of densely spaced cavity modes that co-exist within the gain bandwidth tailored by the optical filter. Unlike fixed cavity modes in conventional fiber ring lasers, these modes are less phase-correlated due to the random distributed feedback from the fiber random grating fabricated by a plane-by-plane inscription technique without phase control, leading to intensified lasing output fluctuations with high-dimensional chaotic dynamic natures without specific cavity features, when the random fiber laser is operated slightly above the lasing threshold. Random bit generation at a bit rate up to ∼1.6 Gbps is achieved with verified randomness through standard tests. Different from the previously reported schemes requiring offline post-processing procedures, this physical random number generator can function in real time, offering high-quality randomness and security assurance for pertinent applications.
Using two mutually coupled semiconductor lasers (MC-SLs) outputs as chaotic entropy sources, a scheme for generating Tbits/s ultra-fast physical random bit (PRB) is demonstrated and analyzed experimentally. Firstly, two entropy sources originating from two chaotic outputs of MC-SLs are obtained in parallel. Secondly, by adopting multiple optimized post-processing methods, two PRB streams with the generation rate of 0.56 Tbits/s are extracted from the two entropy sources and their randomness are verified by using NIST Special Publication 800-22 statistical tests. Through merging the two sets of 0.56 Tbits/s PRB streams by an interleaving operation, a third set of 1.12 Tbits/s PRB stream, which meets all the quality criteria of NIST statistical tests, can be further acquired. Finally, after additionally taking into account the restriction of the min-entropy, the generation rate of two sets of PRB stream from the two entropy sources can still attain 0.48 Tbits/s, and then a third set of merging PRB stream is 0.96 Tbits/s. Moreover, for the sequence length of the order of 10 Gbits, the statistical bias and serial correlation coefficient of three sets of PRB streams are also analyzed.
Random number generators are essential for applications in information security and numerical simulations. Most optical-chaos-based random number generators produce random bit sequences by offline post-processing with large optical components. We demonstrate a real-time hardware implementation of a fast physical random number generator with a photonic integrated circuit and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) electronic board. We generate 1-Tbit random bit sequences and evaluate their statistical randomness using NIST Special Publication 800-22 and TestU01. All of the BigCrush tests in TestU01 are passed using 410-Gbit random bit sequences. A maximum real-time generation rate of 21.1 Gb/s is achieved for random bit sequences in binary format stored in a computer, which can be directly used for applications involving secret keys in cryptography and random seeds in large-scale numerical simulations.
Taking the broadband chaotic output from a weak-resonant-cavity Fabry-Perot laser diode (WRC-FPLD) under filtered feedback as a chaotic entropy source, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme for generating fast physical random bits (PRBs) at a rate up to 240 Gbits/s. First, we investigate the dependence of the dynamical properties of the filtered feedback WRC-FPLD on the system parameters, and determine the optimized parameter region for generating wavelength-tunable and broadband chaotic signals. Second, a broadband chaotic signal with a bandwidth beyond 20 GHz output from the WRC-FPLD is sampled and transferred to a digital bit sequence by an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter at a rate of 40 GS/s. Finally, by utilizing multi-bit post-processing method, PRBs is generated at a rate up to 240 Gbits/s, which can pass all the 15 NIST statistics tests and meet the strict criteria of the statistical bias and the serial correlation coefficient.