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IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine

Evolution of Quantum Radar Concept to Noise Radar Concept

Konstantin Alexandrovich Lukin

Published Nov 1, 2020• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Preliminary results of the comparative analysis of quantum radar (QR) based upon quantum entanglement phenomenon and noise radar (NR) based upon classical coherence and correlation processing of random signals are presented in this article. Common and distinguishing features of NR and QR are briefly discussed. A novel concept of a stepped-frequency quantum radar (SF-QR) for design of QR with range resolution capability is suggested. Field programmable gate array based digital generation of entangled signals is proposed as well.

DOI
10.1109/maes.2020.3004015

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Preliminary results of the comparative analysis of quantum radar (QR) based upon quantum entanglement phenomenon and noise radar (NR) based upon classical coherence and correlation processing of random signals are presented in this article. Common and distinguishing features of NR and QR are briefly discussed. A novel concept of a stepped-frequency quantum radar (SF-QR) for design of QR with range resolution capability is suggested. Field programmable gate array based digital generation of entangled signals is proposed as well.
Comparative analysis of Noise Radar (NR) and Quantum Radar (QR) concepts are presented in the paper. Recently proposed methods for generation of quantum correlated signals directly in microwave frequency range give more chances for design of QR for long-range applications. In many applications, the range resolution capability is of a great importance. Novel concept of Stepped-Frequency Quantum Radar (SF-QR) for design of QR with range resolution capability is suggested. FPGA based digital generation of entangled signals is discussed as well.
Recently proposed methods for generation of entangled (quantum correlated) signals directly in microwave frequency range give more chances for design of QR for long-range applications. In such applications, the range resolution capability is of a great importance. Using analogy of signal generation and processing in Noise Radar and Quantum Radar we describe a novel concept for Stepped-Frequency QR (SF-QR) design which enables preserving quantum properties of probing signals and provide range resolution capability in SF-QR.
Preliminary results of the comparative analysis of Quantum Radar (QR) based upon quantum entanglement phenomenon and Noise Radar (NR) based upon classical coherence notion and correlation processing of random signals are presented in the paper. It has been shown that the basic idea of entangled multi-photon QR for simultaneous implementing of high penetrating ability of the entangled photons and high spatial resolution performance does not work because of decay of entangled state of the transmitted photons when they hits a wall, for example. QR operation abilities may be described in terms of classical physics. In addition, the multi-photon QR has been modeled by means of classically phase locked multi-frequency signals (regular and chaotic). Results of computer simulation of basic properties for such radar are presented.
Both Noise Radar (NR) and Quantum Radar (QR), with alleged common features, aim to use the randomness of the transmitted signal to enhance radar covertness and to reduce mutual interference. While NR has been prototypically developed and successfully tested in many environments by different organizations, research and development investments on QR did not bring to practically operating prototypes. Starting from the well-known fact that radar detection depends on the energy transmitted on the target, the detailed evaluations in this work show that the detection performance of all the QR types proposed in the literature are well below the ones of a much simpler and cheaper equivalent “classical” radar set, for example of the NR type. Moreover, the absence of a “Quantum radar cross section” different from the well-known radar cross section is explained. From these facts it results that, in spite of alleged advantages in some literature, Quantum Radar proposals cannot lead to useful results, including, of course, the detection of stealth targets.
Many quantum radars currently studied in the literature use a phenomenon called entanglement to address the problem of distinguishing signal from noise, which is one of the most important problems faced by any radar. Until recently, entanglement-based quantum radars at radio frequencies existed only in theory; their practicality was very much in doubt. The situation has changed with a recent experimental implementation of all the necessary components of a quantum two-mode squeezing (QTMS) radar, which operates at microwave frequencies and can be described as a quantum range finder. In this article, we lay out the exact problem solved by this prototype, namely quantum noise, and explain how entanglement can overcome the existence of this noise. By analyzing the QTMS radar prototype, we point out a technological route to an entanglement-based quantum radar that can, in principle, perform all tasks that radars can and must do, such as array processing, clutter suppression, and image processing (including synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar).
This paper presents a study on quantum radar technology developments, design Consideration for its integration, and quantum radar cross-section, QRCS based on quantum electrodynamics and interferometric considerations. Quantum radar systems supported by quantum measurement can fulfill not only conventional target detection and recognition tasks but are also capable of detecting and identifying the RF stealth platform and weapons systems. The development of radar technology is of the utmost importance in many avenues of research. The concept of a quantum radar has been proposed which utilizes quantum states of photons to establish information on a target at a distance. A photon, or a little cluster of photons, is distributed towards the target. The photons are absorbed and reemitted from the target and into the receiver. The measurement process may be executed in two alternative ways. One can perform an interferometric measurement (or phase measurement) on the photon, or one can simply count the number of photons that return. the previous method is named Interferometric Quantum Radar, and therefore the latter method is termed Quantum Illumination. For either of those methods, one can use stationary quantum states of photons or use entangled states. Its been shown that entangled states provide the most effective possible boost in resolution, achieving within the ideal case. The benefit of using quantum states is that they exhibit extra degrees of correlation by which to get information compared to classical methods. These extra correlations (called quantum correlations) serve to boost the resolution and signal/noise (SNR) that may be achieved within the radar system.