Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Scientific Reports

Hybrid two-mode squeezing of microwave and optical fields using optically pumped graphene layers

Montasir Qasymeh, Hichem Eleuch

Published Oct 7, 2020• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A measurable quadrature of a squeezed quantum state manifests a small uncertainty below the Heisenberg limit. This phenomenon has the potential to enable several extraordinary applications in quantum information, metrology and sensing, and other fields. Several techniques have been implemented to realize squeezed electromagnetic states, including microwave fields and optical fields. However, hybrid squeezed modes (that incorporate both microwave and optical fields) have not yet been proposed despite their vital functionality to combine the two worlds of quantum superconducting systems and photonics systems. In this work, for the first time, we propose a novel approach to achieve two-mode squeezing of microwave and optical fields using graphene based structure. The proposed scheme includes a graphene layered structure that is driven by a quantum microwave voltage and subjected to two optical fields of distinct frequencies. By setting the optical frequency spacing equal to the microwave frequency, an interaction occurs between the optical and microwave fields through electrical modulation of the graphene conductivity. We show that significant hybrid two-mode squeezing, that includes one microwave field and one optical field, can be achieved. Furthermore, the microwave frequency can be tuned over a vast range by modifying the operation parameters.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-020-73363-y

Related papers

Spatial solitons in an electrically driven graphene multilayer medium

Muzzamal Iqbal Shaukat, Montasir Qasymeh, Hichem Eleuch

We investigate the evolution of coupled optical solitons in a multilayer graphene medium. The considered graphene medium is subjected to microwave voltage biasing. The coupled two optical solitons emerge through the electrical (i.e., microwave voltage) perturbation of the effective permittivity of the graphene multilayer. We show that the coupled solitons are electrically adjustable by controlling the amplitude and frequency of the biasing microwave voltage. Importantly, this proposed regime of electrically controlled optical solitons offers a modality to generate entangled optical solitons and two-mode squeezed solitons. Furthermore, the hybrid interaction that includes both the driving microwave voltage and the optical solitons yields a platform to combine the two worlds of quantum photonics and quantum superconducting systems.

Scientific Reports•Jun 29, 2022•7 citations

Entanglement of Microwave and Optical Fields Using Electrical Capacitor Loaded With Plasmonic Graphene Waveguide

Montasir Qasymeh, Hichem Eleuch

We propose a novel approach for microwave and optical fields entanglement using an electrical capacitor loaded with graphene plasmonic waveguide. In the proposed scheme, a quantum microwave signal of frequency ωmdrives the electrical capacitor, while an intensive optical field (optical pump) of frequency ω1is launched to the graphene waveguide as a surface plasmon polariton (i.e., SPP) mode. The two fields interact by the means of electrically modulating the graphene optical conductivity. It then follows that an upper and lower SPP sideband modes (of ω2= ω1+ ωmand ω3= ω1- ωmfrequencies, respectively) are generated. We show that the microwave signal and the lower sideband SPP mode are entangled, for a proper optical intensity. A quantum mechanics model is carried out to describe the fields evolution. Furthermore, novel iterative approach (based on combining the Duan criterion with the quantum regression theorem) is developed to assess the fields entanglement. Consequently, the entanglement of the two fields is evaluated versus several parameters including the waveguide length, the pump intensity, and the microwave frequency. We find that the two fields are entangled over a vast microwave frequency range. Moreover, our calculations show that a significant number of entangled photons are generated at the lower SPP sideband. The proposed scheme attains tunable mechanism for microwave-optical entanglement which paves the way for efficient quantum systems.

arXiv:1912.00661•IEEE photonics journal•Feb 27, 2020•8 citations

Dynamical generation of stable optical-microwave squeezing in structured reservoirs

Chen Wang, Man Shen, Shi-fan Qi +1 more

Two-mode squeezed states as paradigmatic entangled resources have broad applications in quantum information processing. Here, we study the generation of stable optical-microwave squeezing in structured environments within a hybrid electro-optomechanical system, where a mechanical oscillator is simultaneously coupled to an optical cavity mode and a microwave mode of an LC resonator. Specifically, an effective Hamiltonian that captures the optical-microwave squeezing interaction is constructed by combining strongly modulated driving fields applied to both photonic modes with a mechanical parametric amplifier. Based on this effective model, the dynamical evolution of two-mode squeezing in structured environments is analyzed. It is remarkably shown that the non-Markovian noise can substantially enhance the squeezing level in comparison to the Markovian case, and that two-mode squeezing can persist even in the absence of external driving fields under non-Markovian conditions, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of anti-squeezing. Furthermore, the persistence of the two-mode squeezed state is enhanced when the environmental spectral densities of the microwave and optical modes are identical. Our work provides a theoretical framework for generating and persisting two-mode squeezing in structured environments.

quant-pharXiv:2604.24215•Apr 28, 2026•0 citations

Continuous-Variable Quantum Teleportation Using a Microwave-Enabled Plasmonic Graphene Waveguide

Muhammad Asjad, Montasir Qasymeh, Hichem Eleuch

We present a scheme to generate continuous-variable bipartite entanglement between two optical modes in a hybrid optical-microwave-plasmonic graphene waveguide system. In this scheme, we exploit the interaction of two light fields coupled to the same microwave mode via plasmonic graphene waveguide to generate two-mode squeezing, which can be used for continuous-variable quantum teleportation of the light signals over large distances. Furthermore, we study the teleportation fidelity of an unknown coherent state. The teleportation protocol is robust against the thermal noise associated with the microwave degree of freedom.

arXiv:2107.12496•Physical Review Applied•Sep 27, 2021•30 citations

Ultrafast Quantum Optics: Generation, Attosecond Control, and Applications of Broadband Squeezed Light

Mohamed Sennary

Nonclassical states of light are central resources for quantum metrology and quantum information, yet most high performance squeezing platforms operate in narrowband or continuous-wave regimes where the quantum noise is effectively stationary. This work advances ultrafast quantum optics by demonstrating how squeezed states can be generated, measured, and engineered on femtosecond and attosecond time scales, so that quantum fluctuations become a controllable property of the optical waveform itself. In this work, broadband few-cycle coherent drivers are produced using the light field synthesizer (LFS) setup that coherently combines UV/VIS/NIR channels with independently adjustable delays and amplitudes. Ultrafast squeezed light is generated via degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in fused silica using a three-beam interaction geometry, implemented as a quantum light field squeezer (QLFS) that enables quasi-collinear phase matching across a wide bandwidth. A metrology framework compatible with ultrashort pulses is developed: amplitude (intensity) uncertainty is extracted from shot-to-shot spectral statistics, while relative phase fluctuations are retrieved from spectral-interference fringes in channel-overlap regions. These observables are connected to a displaced squeezed state model by fitting variance expressions, enabling phase-space visualization through Wigner function reconstruction. Beyond static squeezing, the QLFS provides attosecond-resolved control of the generated quantum state by tuning inter-pulse delay and phase matching geometry, allowing the redistribution of uncertainty between conjugate quadratures and revealing time-dependent (sub-cycle) structure of the intensity uncertainty within the optical cycle. Finally, the work extends ultrafast quantum optics into solid-state systems by demonstrating squeezed light driven tunneling in a graphene-silicon-graphene phototransistor, where state-dependent modulation of current noise is observed alongside simultaneous optical uncertainty measurements. Together, these results establish a practical route to waveform-level quantum state engineering and motivate future ultrafast quantum metrology, strong field quantum optics control, and hybrid photonic electronic quantum technologies.

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations

Magnon squeezing by two-tone driving of a qubit in cavity-magnon-qubit systems

Qi Guo, Jiong Cheng, Huatang Tan +1 more

We propose a scheme for preparing magnon squeezed states in a hybrid cavity-magnon-qubit system. The system consists of a microwave cavity that simultaneously couples to a magnon mode of a macroscopic yttrium-iron-garnet sphere via the magnetic-dipole interaction and to a transmon-type superconducting qubit via the electric-dipole interaction. By far detuning from the magnon-qubit system, the microwave cavity is adiabatically eliminated. The magnon mode and the qubit then get effectively coupled via the mediation of virtual photons of the microwave cavity. We show that by driving the qubit with two microwave fields and by appropriately choosing the drive frequencies and strengths, magnonic parametric amplification can be realized, which leads to magnon quadrature squeezing with the noise below vacuum fluctuation. We provide optimal conditions for achieving magnon squeezing, and moderate squeezing can be obtained using currently available parameters. The generated squeezed states are of a magnon mode involving more than ${10}^{18}$ spins and thus macroscopic quantum states. This work may find promising applications in quantum information processing and high-precision measurements based on magnons and in the study of macroscopic quantum states.

arXiv:2304.10760•Physical Review A•Dec 5, 2023•49 citations
A measurable quadrature of a squeezed quantum state manifests a small uncertainty below the Heisenberg limit. This phenomenon has the potential to enable several extraordinary applications in quantum information, metrology and sensing, and other fields. Several techniques have been implemented to realize squeezed electromagnetic states, including microwave fields and optical fields. However, hybrid squeezed modes (that incorporate both microwave and optical fields) have not yet been proposed despite their vital functionality to combine the two worlds of quantum superconducting systems and photonics systems. In this work, for the first time, we propose a novel approach to achieve two-mode squeezing of microwave and optical fields using graphene based structure. The proposed scheme includes a graphene layered structure that is driven by a quantum microwave voltage and subjected to two optical fields of distinct frequencies. By setting the optical frequency spacing equal to the microwave frequency, an interaction occurs between the optical and microwave fields through electrical modulation of the graphene conductivity. We show that significant hybrid two-mode squeezing, that includes one microwave field and one optical field, can be achieved. Furthermore, the microwave frequency can be tuned over a vast range by modifying the operation parameters.
We investigate the evolution of coupled optical solitons in a multilayer graphene medium. The considered graphene medium is subjected to microwave voltage biasing. The coupled two optical solitons emerge through the electrical (i.e., microwave voltage) perturbation of the effective permittivity of the graphene multilayer. We show that the coupled solitons are electrically adjustable by controlling the amplitude and frequency of the biasing microwave voltage. Importantly, this proposed regime of electrically controlled optical solitons offers a modality to generate entangled optical solitons and two-mode squeezed solitons. Furthermore, the hybrid interaction that includes both the driving microwave voltage and the optical solitons yields a platform to combine the two worlds of quantum photonics and quantum superconducting systems.
We propose a novel approach for microwave and optical fields entanglement using an electrical capacitor loaded with graphene plasmonic waveguide. In the proposed scheme, a quantum microwave signal of frequency ωmdrives the electrical capacitor, while an intensive optical field (optical pump) of frequency ω1is launched to the graphene waveguide as a surface plasmon polariton (i.e., SPP) mode. The two fields interact by the means of electrically modulating the graphene optical conductivity. It then follows that an upper and lower SPP sideband modes (of ω2= ω1+ ωmand ω3= ω1- ωmfrequencies, respectively) are generated. We show that the microwave signal and the lower sideband SPP mode are entangled, for a proper optical intensity. A quantum mechanics model is carried out to describe the fields evolution. Furthermore, novel iterative approach (based on combining the Duan criterion with the quantum regression theorem) is developed to assess the fields entanglement. Consequently, the entanglement of the two fields is evaluated versus several parameters including the waveguide length, the pump intensity, and the microwave frequency. We find that the two fields are entangled over a vast microwave frequency range. Moreover, our calculations show that a significant number of entangled photons are generated at the lower SPP sideband. The proposed scheme attains tunable mechanism for microwave-optical entanglement which paves the way for efficient quantum systems.
Two-mode squeezed states as paradigmatic entangled resources have broad applications in quantum information processing. Here, we study the generation of stable optical-microwave squeezing in structured environments within a hybrid electro-optomechanical system, where a mechanical oscillator is simultaneously coupled to an optical cavity mode and a microwave mode of an LC resonator. Specifically, an effective Hamiltonian that captures the optical-microwave squeezing interaction is constructed by combining strongly modulated driving fields applied to both photonic modes with a mechanical parametric amplifier. Based on this effective model, the dynamical evolution of two-mode squeezing in structured environments is analyzed. It is remarkably shown that the non-Markovian noise can substantially enhance the squeezing level in comparison to the Markovian case, and that two-mode squeezing can persist even in the absence of external driving fields under non-Markovian conditions, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of anti-squeezing. Furthermore, the persistence of the two-mode squeezed state is enhanced when the environmental spectral densities of the microwave and optical modes are identical. Our work provides a theoretical framework for generating and persisting two-mode squeezing in structured environments.
We present a scheme to generate continuous-variable bipartite entanglement between two optical modes in a hybrid optical-microwave-plasmonic graphene waveguide system. In this scheme, we exploit the interaction of two light fields coupled to the same microwave mode via plasmonic graphene waveguide to generate two-mode squeezing, which can be used for continuous-variable quantum teleportation of the light signals over large distances. Furthermore, we study the teleportation fidelity of an unknown coherent state. The teleportation protocol is robust against the thermal noise associated with the microwave degree of freedom.
Nonclassical states of light are central resources for quantum metrology and quantum information, yet most high performance squeezing platforms operate in narrowband or continuous-wave regimes where the quantum noise is effectively stationary. This work advances ultrafast quantum optics by demonstrating how squeezed states can be generated, measured, and engineered on femtosecond and attosecond time scales, so that quantum fluctuations become a controllable property of the optical waveform itself. In this work, broadband few-cycle coherent drivers are produced using the light field synthesizer (LFS) setup that coherently combines UV/VIS/NIR channels with independently adjustable delays and amplitudes. Ultrafast squeezed light is generated via degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in fused silica using a three-beam interaction geometry, implemented as a quantum light field squeezer (QLFS) that enables quasi-collinear phase matching across a wide bandwidth. A metrology framework compatible with ultrashort pulses is developed: amplitude (intensity) uncertainty is extracted from shot-to-shot spectral statistics, while relative phase fluctuations are retrieved from spectral-interference fringes in channel-overlap regions. These observables are connected to a displaced squeezed state model by fitting variance expressions, enabling phase-space visualization through Wigner function reconstruction. Beyond static squeezing, the QLFS provides attosecond-resolved control of the generated quantum state by tuning inter-pulse delay and phase matching geometry, allowing the redistribution of uncertainty between conjugate quadratures and revealing time-dependent (sub-cycle) structure of the intensity uncertainty within the optical cycle. Finally, the work extends ultrafast quantum optics into solid-state systems by demonstrating squeezed light driven tunneling in a graphene-silicon-graphene phototransistor, where state-dependent modulation of current noise is observed alongside simultaneous optical uncertainty measurements. Together, these results establish a practical route to waveform-level quantum state engineering and motivate future ultrafast quantum metrology, strong field quantum optics control, and hybrid photonic electronic quantum technologies.
We propose a scheme for preparing magnon squeezed states in a hybrid cavity-magnon-qubit system. The system consists of a microwave cavity that simultaneously couples to a magnon mode of a macroscopic yttrium-iron-garnet sphere via the magnetic-dipole interaction and to a transmon-type superconducting qubit via the electric-dipole interaction. By far detuning from the magnon-qubit system, the microwave cavity is adiabatically eliminated. The magnon mode and the qubit then get effectively coupled via the mediation of virtual photons of the microwave cavity. We show that by driving the qubit with two microwave fields and by appropriately choosing the drive frequencies and strengths, magnonic parametric amplification can be realized, which leads to magnon quadrature squeezing with the noise below vacuum fluctuation. We provide optimal conditions for achieving magnon squeezing, and moderate squeezing can be obtained using currently available parameters. The generated squeezed states are of a magnon mode involving more than 1018{10}^{18}1018 spins and thus macroscopic quantum states. This work may find promising applications in quantum information processing and high-precision measurements based on magnons and in the study of macroscopic quantum states.