Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Two-Dimensional Visualization of Radio-Frequency Waves using Cesium Vapor Atoms

Moto Kinoshita, Yuya Tojima, Hitoshi Iida

Published Aug 1, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper describes the two-dimensional visualization of radio-frequencies (RF) waves on a circuit board. The fluorescence associated with the double resonance of cesium atoms can upconvert the invisible RF waves into near-infrared light that can be viewed with an optical camera. RF waves on a micro-strip line are visualized by using cesium atoms enclosed in a large glass cell with an optical CCD camera. This visualization method will be a powerful tool for users of RF waves.

DOI
10.1109/cpem49742.2020.9191692

Related papers

Visualization of radio-frequency waves via double resonance spectroscopy of cesium atoms

Moto Kinoshita, Masanori Ishii

Abstract A novel technique to visualize RF waves in the gigahertz frequency range based on the double resonance spectroscopy of cesium-133 atoms is developed. This technique allows one to obtain fluorescence at a near-infrared wavelength of 852 nm, which can be detected by a charge-coupled device camera. The fluorescence depends on the strength distribution of 9.2 GHz RF waves. This method realizes real-time, high-resolution imaging using RF waves. In this study, the visualization of RF waves on a microstrip line is demonstrated and RF standing waves are clearly observed. The sensitivity of the visualization to the input power and phase shift of the RF standing waves arising from a particular condition of the reflection waves are investigated.

Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•Mar 18, 2019•7 citations

Rabi Oscillation of Cesium Atoms With Modulated Optical Pumping for Measuring Radio Frequency Field Strength

Moto Kinoshita, Yuya Tojima, Masahiro Yamamoto +1 more

The Rabi frequency of atomic vapor has been measured employing various methods and has been further used to perform radio-frequency (RF) field measurements. This study proposed a formulation for the Rabi oscillation of cesium atoms with modulated optical pumping. The formulation proposed that the Rabi frequency can be determined based on the modulated frequency of the optical pumping. The Rabi frequency was measured by crossing the pumping and probing lasers at arbitrary points in a cesium gas-filled glass cell placed on a patch antenna. The results of the study are expected have practical application implications such as the measurement of RF wave strength at arbitrary points in space.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement•Jan 1, 2023•2 citations

Phase-resolved visualization of radio-frequency standing waves in superconducting spiral resonator for metamaterial applications

A. A. Leha, Alexander P. Zhuravel, Alexandre Karpov +2 more

Superconducting microcircuits and metamaterials are promising candidates for use in new generation cryogenic electronics. Their functionality is largely justified by the macroscopic distribution of electromagnetic fields in arranged unit cells, rather than by the microscopic properties of composite materials. We present a new method for visualizing the spatial structure of penetrating microwaves with microscopic resolution in planar superconducting macroscopic resonators as the most important circuit-forming elements of modern microelectronics. This method uses a low-temperature laser scanning microscope that examines the phase (i.e., direction) and amplitude of local radio-frequency currents versus the two-dimensional coordinates of the superconducting resonant structure under test. Phase-sensitive contrast is achieved by synchronizing the intensity-modulated laser radiation with the resonant harmonics of the microwave signal passing through the sample. In this case, the laser-beam-induced loss in the illuminated area will strongly depend on the local phase difference between the RF carrier signal and the spatially temporal structure of the focused laser oscillation. This approach eliminates the hardware limitations of the existing technique of radio-frequency microscopy and brings the phase-sensitive demodulation mode to the level necessary for studying the physics of superconducting metamaterials. The advantage of the presented method over the previous method of RF laser scanning micros-copy is demonstrated by the example of the formation of standing waves in a spiral superconducting Archimedean resonator up to the 38th eigenmode resonance.

arXiv:2201.06660•Low Temperature Physics•Jan 26, 2022•2 citations

Cesium optical-radio-frequency resonance line reversals and doubling

Feiyun Fang, Xiaochao Cao, Yao Hu +2 more

We report an experimental study on the ground-state magnetic resonances of optically pumped cesium vapors at lower temperatures of about 30°C–40°C. A longitudinal static magnetic field is applied along the single laser beam to control the splitting of the Zeeman sublevels of the ground state. When the laser frequency is set to the cesium D1 spectral line (F=3→F′=4), by modifying the transverse radio frequency field, we find that the unusual weaker-absorption and zero-dip resonance phenomena occur in the optical-magnetic resonance (OMR) effects, which is called the cesium optical-RF resonance line reversals and doubling in this paper. We explore a theoretical description for these phenomena by using density matrix equations, and our calculated results are in approximate agreement with the experimental results.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Jan 31, 2019•0 citations

Atom-Based RF Electric Field Metrology: From Self-Calibrated Measurements to Subwavelength and Near-Field Imaging

Christopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons, Joshua A. Gordon +4 more

We discuss a fundamentally new method for electric (E) field strength (V/m) metrology applicable to the near-field. This new approach is significantly different from currently used field measurement techniques in that it is based on the interaction of radio-frequency (RF) E-fields with Rydberg atoms (alkali atoms placed in a glass vapor cell that are excited optically to Rydberg states). The applied RF E-field alters the state of the atoms. The Rydberg atoms act like an RF-to-optical transducer, converting an RF E-field strength to an optical-frequency response. In this new approach, we employ the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes splitting. The RF transition in the four-level atomic system causes a split of the EIT transmission spectrum of a probe laser into two peaks. This splitting is easily measured and is directly proportional to the applied RF E-field amplitude. The significant dipole response of Rydberg atoms enables this technique to make self-calibrating measurements over a large frequency band including 500 MHz to 500 GHz (and possibly up to 1 THz and down to 10s of megahertz). In this paper, we report on our results in the development of this metrology approach, including the first fiber-coupled vapor-cell for E-field measurements. We also discuss key applications, including self-calibrated measurements, millimeter-wave and sub-THz measurements, field mapping, and sub-wavelength and near-field imaging. We show results for mapping the fields inside vapor cells, for measuring the E-field distribution along the surface of a circuit board, and for measuring the near-field at the aperture in a cavity. We also discuss the uncertainties of this measurement technique.

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility•Jan 10, 2017•158 citations

Sub-Doppler Spectral Resolution and Improved Sensitivity in a Cesium Resonance Fluorescence Imaging Monochromator

Nathan C. Pixley, Tiffany L. Correll, Dimitri Pappas +2 more

Improvements in spectral resolution and sensitivity of a cesium based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) are described. Alignment of the two lasers used in the excitation scheme in a co-propagating geometry have resulted in a detector spectral bandpass (270 MHz) that is narrower than the Doppler broadened profile (380 MHz) of cesium vapor at room temperature. Improvements in the experimental design, namely the addition of an image intensifier and cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, have resulted in increased sensitivity; we report a limit of detection of 10 8 photons per pixel limited by image intensifier noise. Images of the cesium D 2 line emission (852.12 nm) from a cesium hollow cathode lamp were compared to an argon emission line (4Sº 1/2 → 4P 3/2 ) at 852.14 nm from a silver/argon hollow cathode lamp as a demonstration of the spectral resolution. The ability of the RFIM to discriminate between photons exciting the F = 4 vs. F = 3 ground state hyperfine level (a frequency difference of 9.2 GHz) of the cesium 6 2 S 1/2 state was also investigated to further demonstrate the spectral selectivity. The potential use of the described RFIM for chemical imaging applications is discussed.

Applied Spectroscopy•Jun 1, 2002•10 citations
This paper describes the two-dimensional visualization of radio-frequencies (RF) waves on a circuit board. The fluorescence associated with the double resonance of cesium atoms can upconvert the invisible RF waves into near-infrared light that can be viewed with an optical camera. RF waves on a micro-strip line are visualized by using cesium atoms enclosed in a large glass cell with an optical CCD camera. This visualization method will be a powerful tool for users of RF waves.
Abstract A novel technique to visualize RF waves in the gigahertz frequency range based on the double resonance spectroscopy of cesium-133 atoms is developed. This technique allows one to obtain fluorescence at a near-infrared wavelength of 852 nm, which can be detected by a charge-coupled device camera. The fluorescence depends on the strength distribution of 9.2 GHz RF waves. This method realizes real-time, high-resolution imaging using RF waves. In this study, the visualization of RF waves on a microstrip line is demonstrated and RF standing waves are clearly observed. The sensitivity of the visualization to the input power and phase shift of the RF standing waves arising from a particular condition of the reflection waves are investigated.
The Rabi frequency of atomic vapor has been measured employing various methods and has been further used to perform radio-frequency (RF) field measurements. This study proposed a formulation for the Rabi oscillation of cesium atoms with modulated optical pumping. The formulation proposed that the Rabi frequency can be determined based on the modulated frequency of the optical pumping. The Rabi frequency was measured by crossing the pumping and probing lasers at arbitrary points in a cesium gas-filled glass cell placed on a patch antenna. The results of the study are expected have practical application implications such as the measurement of RF wave strength at arbitrary points in space.
Superconducting microcircuits and metamaterials are promising candidates for use in new generation cryogenic electronics. Their functionality is largely justified by the macroscopic distribution of electromagnetic fields in arranged unit cells, rather than by the microscopic properties of composite materials. We present a new method for visualizing the spatial structure of penetrating microwaves with microscopic resolution in planar superconducting macroscopic resonators as the most important circuit-forming elements of modern microelectronics. This method uses a low-temperature laser scanning microscope that examines the phase (i.e., direction) and amplitude of local radio-frequency currents versus the two-dimensional coordinates of the superconducting resonant structure under test. Phase-sensitive contrast is achieved by synchronizing the intensity-modulated laser radiation with the resonant harmonics of the microwave signal passing through the sample. In this case, the laser-beam-induced loss in the illuminated area will strongly depend on the local phase difference between the RF carrier signal and the spatially temporal structure of the focused laser oscillation. This approach eliminates the hardware limitations of the existing technique of radio-frequency microscopy and brings the phase-sensitive demodulation mode to the level necessary for studying the physics of superconducting metamaterials. The advantage of the presented method over the previous method of RF laser scanning micros-copy is demonstrated by the example of the formation of standing waves in a spiral superconducting Archimedean resonator up to the 38th eigenmode resonance.
We report an experimental study on the ground-state magnetic resonances of optically pumped cesium vapors at lower temperatures of about 30°C–40°C. A longitudinal static magnetic field is applied along the single laser beam to control the splitting of the Zeeman sublevels of the ground state. When the laser frequency is set to the cesium D1 spectral line (F=3→F′=4), by modifying the transverse radio frequency field, we find that the unusual weaker-absorption and zero-dip resonance phenomena occur in the optical-magnetic resonance (OMR) effects, which is called the cesium optical-RF resonance line reversals and doubling in this paper. We explore a theoretical description for these phenomena by using density matrix equations, and our calculated results are in approximate agreement with the experimental results.
We discuss a fundamentally new method for electric (E) field strength (V/m) metrology applicable to the near-field. This new approach is significantly different from currently used field measurement techniques in that it is based on the interaction of radio-frequency (RF) E-fields with Rydberg atoms (alkali atoms placed in a glass vapor cell that are excited optically to Rydberg states). The applied RF E-field alters the state of the atoms. The Rydberg atoms act like an RF-to-optical transducer, converting an RF E-field strength to an optical-frequency response. In this new approach, we employ the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes splitting. The RF transition in the four-level atomic system causes a split of the EIT transmission spectrum of a probe laser into two peaks. This splitting is easily measured and is directly proportional to the applied RF E-field amplitude. The significant dipole response of Rydberg atoms enables this technique to make self-calibrating measurements over a large frequency band including 500 MHz to 500 GHz (and possibly up to 1 THz and down to 10s of megahertz). In this paper, we report on our results in the development of this metrology approach, including the first fiber-coupled vapor-cell for E-field measurements. We also discuss key applications, including self-calibrated measurements, millimeter-wave and sub-THz measurements, field mapping, and sub-wavelength and near-field imaging. We show results for mapping the fields inside vapor cells, for measuring the E-field distribution along the surface of a circuit board, and for measuring the near-field at the aperture in a cavity. We also discuss the uncertainties of this measurement technique.
Improvements in spectral resolution and sensitivity of a cesium based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) are described. Alignment of the two lasers used in the excitation scheme in a co-propagating geometry have resulted in a detector spectral bandpass (270 MHz) that is narrower than the Doppler broadened profile (380 MHz) of cesium vapor at room temperature. Improvements in the experimental design, namely the addition of an image intensifier and cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, have resulted in increased sensitivity; we report a limit of detection of 10 8 photons per pixel limited by image intensifier noise. Images of the cesium D 2 line emission (852.12 nm) from a cesium hollow cathode lamp were compared to an argon emission line (4Sº 1/2 → 4P 3/2 ) at 852.14 nm from a silver/argon hollow cathode lamp as a demonstration of the spectral resolution. The ability of the RFIM to discriminate between photons exciting the F = 4 vs. F = 3 ground state hyperfine level (a frequency difference of 9.2 GHz) of the cesium 6 2 S 1/2 state was also investigated to further demonstrate the spectral selectivity. The potential use of the described RFIM for chemical imaging applications is discussed.