Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Rabi Oscillation of Cesium Atoms With Modulated Optical Pumping for Measuring Radio Frequency Field Strength

Moto Kinoshita, Yuya Tojima, Masahiro Yamamoto, Hitoshi Iida

Published Jan 1, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Rabi frequency of atomic vapor has been measured employing various methods and has been further used to perform radio-frequency (RF) field measurements. This study proposed a formulation for the Rabi oscillation of cesium atoms with modulated optical pumping. The formulation proposed that the Rabi frequency can be determined based on the modulated frequency of the optical pumping. The Rabi frequency was measured by crossing the pumping and probing lasers at arbitrary points in a cesium gas-filled glass cell placed on a patch antenna. The results of the study are expected have practical application implications such as the measurement of RF wave strength at arbitrary points in space.

DOI
10.1109/tim.2023.3279884

Related papers

Spectroscopy of cesium Rydberg atoms in strong radio-frequency fields

Yuechun Jiao, Xiaoxuan Han, Zhiwei Yang +4 more

We study Rydberg atoms modulated by strong radio-frequency (rf) fields with a frequency of 70 MHz. The Rydberg atoms are prepared in a room-temperature cesium cell, and their level structure is probed using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). As the rf field increases from the weak- into the strong-field regime, the range of observed rf-induced phenomena progresses from ac level shifts through increasingly pronounced and numerous rf modulation sidebands to complex state mixing and level crossings with $\mathrm{high}\ensuremath{-}l$ hydrogenlike states. Weak anharmonic admixtures in the rf field generate clearly visible modifications in the Rydberg EIT spectra. A Floquet analysis is employed to model the Rydberg spectra, and good agreement with the experimental observations is found. Our results show that all-optical spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms in vapor cells can serve as an antenna-free, atom-based, and calibration-free technique to measure rf electric fields and to analyze their higher-harmonic contents.

arXiv:1601.01748•Physical Review A•Aug 17, 2016•58 citations

Investigation of Optical Pumping in Cesium Atoms with a Radio-Frequency Field, Using Liouville Equation

Hossein Davoodi Yeganeh, Zahra Shaterzadeh‐Yazdi

Optical pumping is a technique for engineering atomic-sublevel population of desired atoms. We investigate the population evolution of Cesium atoms by employing Liouville equation. For this purpose, we apply a circularly polarized light at a frequency suitable for electronic transition from ground states to excited states and calculate the relaxation rate, repopulation, and population evolution of the Cesium Zeeman sublevels. For engineering the sublevel population after optical pumping, we employ a radiofrequency (RF) field and consider the effect of RF field in Liouville equation. With this approach, we are able to prepare desired distribution of the population in the atomic sublevels with high efficiency, which can be employed in different optical experiments.

arXiv:2304.00301•Apr 1, 2023•0 citations

E-Field Strength Measurement using Rydberg Atom Based sensor for Microwave Metrology

Harish Singh Rawat, Dushmanta Kara, Tanim Firdoshi +4 more

In this work, the theoretical and measurement results have been reported of microwave E-field sensing using an atomic spectroscopy instead of conventional methods (using antennae) under practice till date. This method is based on interaction of microwave with the Rb atoms excited to the Rydberg states by using two laser beams. This significantly new technique may get accepted internationally as a new primary standard for accurate and precise measurements of various Radio-Frequency parameters such as E-field, power, radiation pressure etc as it provides traceability to physical constants and SI units. The atomic model is also studied theoretically and Optical Bloch equations of the same are reported. It has been shown that microwave E-field strength is measured by studying the frequency difference between the peaks in laser transmission curve. The ability of atoms to sense E-field is shown by varying the power and distance of the antenna from atomic cell. In addition, results are shown for weak RF field detection by detuning the RF field by MHz order.

URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium•Aug 1, 2020•0 citations

Optical Radio-Frequency Phase Measurement With an Internal-State Rydberg Atom Interferometer

David Alexander Anderson, Rachel Sapiro, Luís F. Gonçalves +2 more

We realize and model an internal-state Rydberg atom interferometer for measurement of phase and intensity of radio-frequency (rf) electromagnetic waves. A phase reference is supplied to the atoms via a modulated laser beam, enabling atomic measurement of the rf wave's phase without a rf reference wave. The rf and optical fields give rise to closed interferometric loops within the atoms' internal Hilbert space. In our experiment, we construct interferometric loops in the state space ${6{P}_{3/2},90{S}_{1/2},91{S}_{1/2},90{P}_{3/2}}$ of cesium and employ them to measure phase and intensity of a 5-GHz rf wave in a room-temperature vapor cell. Electromagnetically induced transparency on the $6{S}_{1/2}$ to $6{P}_{3/2}$ transition serves as an all-optical interferometer probe. The rf phase is measured over a range of $\ensuremath{\pi}$, and a sensitivity of 2 mrad is achieved. Measurements of rf phase and amplitude at submillimeter optical spatial resolution are demonstrated.

arXiv:2010.13657•Physical Review Applied•Apr 11, 2022•49 citations

Precision timing of radio-frequency pulses using Rydberg atom electrometry

Stephanie M. Bohaichuk, Donald W. Booth, James P. Shaffer

In this work, we present theoretical and experimental data on detecting pulsed radio frequency fields. We focus on pulse arrival time detection accuracy. We measure two-photon Rydberg atom EIT in response to ~μs pulse-modulated radio-frequency signals resonant with a Rydberg-Rydberg transition, using a room temperature cesium vapor cell with the lasers locked on atomic resonances. We study the dependence of the atomic response on optical and radio-frequency Rabi frequencies as well as effects such as atomic collisions, ionization, and transit time broadening. We find good agreement with time-dependent simulations performed using a density matrix approach, with a dark state added to account for Rydberg atom decay. We present factors that can influence the sensitivity and timing precision of radio frequency pulses detected under these conditions. Such a system demonstrates potential for the detection of weak radio-frequency pulses in communications and radar applications.

Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics•Mar 4, 2022•0 citations

Measurement of microwave magnetic field in free space using the Rabi frequency

Moto Kinoshita, Masanori Ishii

Quantum-mechanics-based measurement of microwave magnetic field strength has been suggested and has attracted considerable research interest. Such measurements exploit the fact that the Rabi frequency, which indicates the degree of combination between atoms and microwaves, is proportional to the magnetic field strength of the microwaves interacting with the atoms. This new method is expected to facilitate realization of a quantum-based electromagnetic sensor that minimally perturbs the microwaves, being both nonmetal and wireless. This paper demonstrates measurement of the microwave magnetic field strength at a 9.2-GHz frequency using the Rabi frequency of cesium-133 atoms. The microwaves are radiated from a horn antenna.

Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements•Jul 1, 2016•4 citations
The Rabi frequency of atomic vapor has been measured employing various methods and has been further used to perform radio-frequency (RF) field measurements. This study proposed a formulation for the Rabi oscillation of cesium atoms with modulated optical pumping. The formulation proposed that the Rabi frequency can be determined based on the modulated frequency of the optical pumping. The Rabi frequency was measured by crossing the pumping and probing lasers at arbitrary points in a cesium gas-filled glass cell placed on a patch antenna. The results of the study are expected have practical application implications such as the measurement of RF wave strength at arbitrary points in space.
We study Rydberg atoms modulated by strong radio-frequency (rf) fields with a frequency of 70 MHz. The Rydberg atoms are prepared in a room-temperature cesium cell, and their level structure is probed using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). As the rf field increases from the weak- into the strong-field regime, the range of observed rf-induced phenomena progresses from ac level shifts through increasingly pronounced and numerous rf modulation sidebands to complex state mixing and level crossings with $\mathrm{high}\ensuremath{-}l$ hydrogenlike states. Weak anharmonic admixtures in the rf field generate clearly visible modifications in the Rydberg EIT spectra. A Floquet analysis is employed to model the Rydberg spectra, and good agreement with the experimental observations is found. Our results show that all-optical spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms in vapor cells can serve as an antenna-free, atom-based, and calibration-free technique to measure rf electric fields and to analyze their higher-harmonic contents.
Optical pumping is a technique for engineering atomic-sublevel population of desired atoms. We investigate the population evolution of Cesium atoms by employing Liouville equation. For this purpose, we apply a circularly polarized light at a frequency suitable for electronic transition from ground states to excited states and calculate the relaxation rate, repopulation, and population evolution of the Cesium Zeeman sublevels. For engineering the sublevel population after optical pumping, we employ a radiofrequency (RF) field and consider the effect of RF field in Liouville equation. With this approach, we are able to prepare desired distribution of the population in the atomic sublevels with high efficiency, which can be employed in different optical experiments.
In this work, the theoretical and measurement results have been reported of microwave E-field sensing using an atomic spectroscopy instead of conventional methods (using antennae) under practice till date. This method is based on interaction of microwave with the Rb atoms excited to the Rydberg states by using two laser beams. This significantly new technique may get accepted internationally as a new primary standard for accurate and precise measurements of various Radio-Frequency parameters such as E-field, power, radiation pressure etc as it provides traceability to physical constants and SI units. The atomic model is also studied theoretically and Optical Bloch equations of the same are reported. It has been shown that microwave E-field strength is measured by studying the frequency difference between the peaks in laser transmission curve. The ability of atoms to sense E-field is shown by varying the power and distance of the antenna from atomic cell. In addition, results are shown for weak RF field detection by detuning the RF field by MHz order.
We realize and model an internal-state Rydberg atom interferometer for measurement of phase and intensity of radio-frequency (rf) electromagnetic waves. A phase reference is supplied to the atoms via a modulated laser beam, enabling atomic measurement of the rf wave's phase without a rf reference wave. The rf and optical fields give rise to closed interferometric loops within the atoms' internal Hilbert space. In our experiment, we construct interferometric loops in the state space 6P3/2,90S1/2,91S1/2,90P3/2{6{P}_{3/2},90{S}_{1/2},91{S}_{1/2},90{P}_{3/2}}6P3/2​,90S1/2​,91S1/2​,90P3/2​ of cesium and employ them to measure phase and intensity of a 5-GHz rf wave in a room-temperature vapor cell. Electromagnetically induced transparency on the 6S1/26{S}_{1/2}6S1/2​ to 6P3/26{P}_{3/2}6P3/2​ transition serves as an all-optical interferometer probe. The rf phase is measured over a range of $\ensuremath{\pi}$, and a sensitivity of 2 mrad is achieved. Measurements of rf phase and amplitude at submillimeter optical spatial resolution are demonstrated.
In this work, we present theoretical and experimental data on detecting pulsed radio frequency fields. We focus on pulse arrival time detection accuracy. We measure two-photon Rydberg atom EIT in response to ~μs pulse-modulated radio-frequency signals resonant with a Rydberg-Rydberg transition, using a room temperature cesium vapor cell with the lasers locked on atomic resonances. We study the dependence of the atomic response on optical and radio-frequency Rabi frequencies as well as effects such as atomic collisions, ionization, and transit time broadening. We find good agreement with time-dependent simulations performed using a density matrix approach, with a dark state added to account for Rydberg atom decay. We present factors that can influence the sensitivity and timing precision of radio frequency pulses detected under these conditions. Such a system demonstrates potential for the detection of weak radio-frequency pulses in communications and radar applications.
Quantum-mechanics-based measurement of microwave magnetic field strength has been suggested and has attracted considerable research interest. Such measurements exploit the fact that the Rabi frequency, which indicates the degree of combination between atoms and microwaves, is proportional to the magnetic field strength of the microwaves interacting with the atoms. This new method is expected to facilitate realization of a quantum-based electromagnetic sensor that minimally perturbs the microwaves, being both nonmetal and wireless. This paper demonstrates measurement of the microwave magnetic field strength at a 9.2-GHz frequency using the Rabi frequency of cesium-133 atoms. The microwaves are radiated from a horn antenna.