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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Optical cavity with intracavity two-photon absorption

Kevin K. Lehmann

Published Aug 17, 2020• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the optical properties of an optical cavity with both one- and two-photon intracavity absorption loss, without saturation. The cavity two-photon absorption loss per pass is assumed to be small, but otherwise the analysis is general. Analytical results for the cavity transmission as a function of cavity parameters, linear and two-photon intracavity loss, and detuning from resonance are derived and limiting cases discussed. Extraction of the two-photon loss from both cavity ring-down and cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy methods is analyzed and the predicted shot-noise limited sensitivities derived and compared. Numerical results are computed using the parameters of a recent experimental intracavity measurement of two-photon absorption of nitrous oxide. The results will be useful in the design and interpretation of cavity-enhanced, two-photon absorption spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1364/josab.392539

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This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the optical properties of an optical cavity with both one- and two-photon intracavity absorption loss, without saturation. The cavity two-photon absorption loss per pass is assumed to be small, but otherwise the analysis is general. Analytical results for the cavity transmission as a function of cavity parameters, linear and two-photon intracavity loss, and detuning from resonance are derived and limiting cases discussed. Extraction of the two-photon loss from both cavity ring-down and cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy methods is analyzed and the predicted shot-noise limited sensitivities derived and compared. Numerical results are computed using the parameters of a recent experimental intracavity measurement of two-photon absorption of nitrous oxide. The results will be useful in the design and interpretation of cavity-enhanced, two-photon absorption spectroscopy.
The capability of optical resonators to extend the effective radiation-matter interaction length originates from a multipass effect, hence is intrinsically limited by the resonator's quality factor. Here, we show that this constraint can be overcome by combining the concepts of resonant interaction and coherent perfect absorption (CPA). We demonstrate and investigate super-resonant coherent absorption in a coupled Fabry-Perot (FP)/ring cavity structure. At the FP resonant wavelengths, the described phenomenon gives rise to split modes with a nearly-transparent peak and a peak whose transmission is exceptionally sensitive to the intracavity loss. For small losses, the effective interaction pathlength of these modes is proportional respectively to the ratio and the product of the individual finesse coefficients of the two resonators. The results presented extend the conventional definition of resonant absorption and point to a way of circumventing the technological limitations of ultrahigh-quality resonators in spectroscopy and optical sensing schemes.
We investigate the limits of intracavity absorption spectroscopy with nonlinear media. Using a common theoretical framework, we compare the detection of a trace gas within (i) an undriven cavity with gain near and above threshold; (ii) a driven cavity with gain kept just below threshold; and (iii) a cavity driven close to the saturation point of a saturable absorber. These phase-transition-based metrology methods are typically quantum limited by spontaneous emission, and we compare them to the empty-cavity shot-noise-limited case. Although the fundamental limits achievable with nonlinear media do not surpass the empty-cavity limits, we show that nonlinear methods are more robust against certain technical noise models. This recognition may have applications in spectrometer design for devices operating in nonideal field environments.
Photon antibunching in intracavity second-harmonic generation and intracavity atomic absorption inside a high-Q optical cavity is discussed. A linearized description of quantum dynamics in the weak-field limit is used because the system size, as characterized by the number of photons n0{\mathit{n}}_{0}n0​ needed to probe the nonlinearity of the system, is often quite large for realistic parameters. In both cases standard results are recalled that demonstrate that antibunching is a small effect given by g(2){\mathit{g}}^{(2)}g(2)(0)-1\ensuremath{\approxeq}-1/n0{\mathit{n}}_{0}n0​ for large values of n0{\mathit{n}}_{0}n0​. We show that when higher-order terms that are usually ignored in linearized treatments are retained, g(2){\mathit{g}}^{(2)}g(2)(0) satisfies the lower bound g(2){\mathit{g}}^{(2)}g(2)(0)\ensuremath{\ge}0 even for small values of n0{\mathit{n}}_{0}n0​. It is further shown that by employing a high-Q cavity to suppress the coherent part of the spectrum of field fluctuations, perfect antibunching can be achieved even for large systems. Conditions under which this is possible are derived and curves are presented to illustrate the behavior.
We propose a novel cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopic technique to sensitively measure atomic density and refractive index of a sample gas.We theoretically investigate the quantum optical response of a gas of atoms enclosed inside an optical cavity to a probe beam that passes through it. In particular, we study the intracavity spectra, the output spectra and the spectra of the fluctuations. We show that the response of the system is sensitive to small changes in the number of atoms and the refractive index.
We study a single two-level atom interacting on resonance with a weakly driven optical cavity mode. In earlier work on this system we calculated the degree of second-order coherence, the optical spectrum, and the spectrum of squeezing for both the transmitted light and fluorescence out the sides of the cavity.1,2 We present results for the cross-correlation functions that determine joint probabilities for a photodetection in transmission (fluorescence) followed by a photodetection in fluorescence (transmission). We compute these correlation functions numerically for arbitrary values of the three rates that govern the system dynamics: the atomic decay rate γ to modes other than the cavity mode, the photon escape rate from the cavity 2K, and the atom-field coupling constant g. Analytical results provide insight for the following limits of the parameters: (1) the bad-cavity limit, κ/γ→∞,κ/g→∞,g2/κγ constant; (2) the atomic-loss limit, κ/γ→0,κ/g→0,γ/g constant; (3) the cavity-loss limit, γ/κ→0,γ/g→0,g/κ constant; and (4) the good-cavity limit, k/γ→0,k/g→0,g2/κγ constant. In the bad-cavity limit the cross-correlation functions are symmetric with respect to the order of detection in transmission and fluorescence; in general they are not symmetric.
We present a theoretical analysis of two-photon absorption of classical and squeezed light valid when one-photon absorption to an intermediate state is either resonant or far-detuned from resonance, and in both the low and high intensity regimes. In this paper we concentrate on continuous-wave excitation, although the approach we develop is more general. We calculate the energy removed from an incident field for typical experimental parameters and consider the limiting cases when the photon pairs are narrowband or broadband compared to the molecular linewidths. We find an enhancement of the two-photon absorption due to resonant contributions from the large squeezed light bandwidth and due to photon bunching in the low intensity regime. However, in both cases, for the parameters we choose, the one-photon absorption is the dominant process in the region of parameter space where a large enhancement of the two-photon absorption is possible.