Cohérence, brouillage et dynamique de phase dans un condensat de fermions appariés
Hadrien Kurkjian
Abstract
It is generally assumed that a condensate of paired fermions at equilibrium is characterized by a macroscopic wavefunction with a well-defined, immutable phase. In reality, all systems have a finite size and are prepared at non-zero temperature; the condensate has then a finite coherence time, even when the system is isolated. This fundamental effect, crucial for applications using macroscopic coherence, was scarcely studied. Here, we link the coherence time to the condensate phase dynamics, and show using a microscopic theory that the time derivative of the condensate phase operator $\hat{\theta}_0$ is proportional to a chemical potential operator which includes both the fermionic pair-breaking and the bosonic pair-motion excitation branches. For a given realization of the number of particle $N$ and of the energy $E$, the phase evolves at long times as $-2\mu_{mc}(E,N) t/\hbar$ where $\mu_{mc}(E,N)$ is the microcanonical chemical potential; fluctuations of $N$ and $E$ from one realization to the other then lead to a ballistic spreading of the phase and to a Gaussian decay of the temporal coherence function with a characteristic time $\propto N^{1/2}$.On the contrary, in the absence of energy and number fluctuations, the decay of the temporal coherence function is exponential with a characteristic time scaling as $N$ due to the diffusive motion of $\hat{\theta}_0$ in the environnement created by the excited modes. We give an explict expression of this characteristic time at low temperature in the case where the bosonic branch is convex and the phonons undergo $2 \leftrightarrow 1$ Beliaev-Landau process. Finally, we propose methods to measure each contribution to the coherence time using ultracold atoms.