The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics has always been controversial, which stems from the lack of understanding of vacuum. Vacuum is not empty, and modern physics is describing the world through physical vacuum. Macroscopic vacuum is relatively simple, and relativistic effect is the lens effect of macroscopic vacuum. Micro-vacuum is quite complex, it can be compared to the infinite distribution of micro-lens array or grid. The particles travel through such a vacuum, and there are many possible paths for each step forward, which is just like what path integrals describe. Under the action of micro vacuum, particles will deviate from the positive direction of the starting point to the end point anytime and anywhere. The i in quantum mechanical equations is a representation of deviation characteristic.The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics has always been controversial, which stems from the lack of understanding of vacuum. Vacuum is not empty, and modern physics is describing the world through physical vacuum. Macroscopic vacuum is relatively simple, and relativistic effect is the lens effect of macroscopic vacuum. Micro-vacuum is quite complex, it can be compared to the infinite distribution of micro-lens array or grid. The particles travel through such a vacuum, and there are many possible paths for each step forward, which is just like what path integrals describe. Under the action of micro vacuum, particles will deviate from the positive direction of the starting point to the end point anytime and anywhere. The i in quantum mechanical equations is a representation of deviation characteristic.
The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics has always been controversial, which stems from the lack of understanding of vacuum. Vacuum is not empty, and modern physics is describing the world through physical vacuum. Macroscopic vacuum is relatively simple, and relativistic effect is the lens effect of macroscopic vacuum. Micro-vacuum is quite complex, it can be compared to the infinite distribution of micro-lens array or grid. The particles travel through such a vacuum, and there are many possible paths for each step forward, which is just like what path integrals describe. Under the action of micro vacuum, particles will deviate from the positive direction of the starting point to the end point anytime and anywhere. The i in quantum mechanical equations is a representation of deviation characteristic.The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics has always been controversial, which stems from the lack of understanding of vacuum. Vacuum is not empty, and modern physics is describing the world through physical vacuum. Macroscopic vacuum is relatively simple, and relativistic effect is the lens effect of macroscopic vacuum. Micro-vacuum is quite complex, it can be compared to the infinite distribution of micro-lens array or grid. The particles travel through such a vacuum, and there are many possible paths for each step forward, which is just like what path integrals describe. Under the action of micro vacuum, particles will deviate from the positive direction of the starting point to the end point anytime and anywhere. The i in quantum mechanical equations is a representation of deviation characteristic.
A type of mechanics will be presented that possesses some distinctive properties. On the one hand, its physical description & rules of operation are readily comprehensible & intuitively clear. On the other, it fully satisfies all observable predictions of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Within it, particles exist at points in space, follow continuous, piecewise differentiable paths, and their linear momentum is equal to their mass times their velocity along their path. Yet the probabilities for position and momentum, conditioned on the state of the particle's environment, follow the rules of quantum theory. Indeed, all observable consequences of quantum theory are satisfied; particles can be entangled, have intrinsic spin, this spin is not local to the particle, particle identity can effect probabilities, and so forth. All the rules of quantum mechanics are obeyed, and all arise in a straightforward fashion. After this is established, connections will be drawn out between this type of mechanics and other types of quantum worlds; those that obey Bohmian mechanics, stochastic mechanics, the many worlds interpretation, and physical collapse. In the final section, a relativistic version of the mechanics will be presented.
This paper re-opens the debate on the failure of quantum mechanics to provide an understandable view of micro-reality. A critique is offered of the commonly accepted ‘Copenhagen Interpretation’ of a theory that is only a mathematical approach to the level of reality characterized by atoms and electrons. This critique is based on the oldest approach to thinking about nature for over 2500 years, known as Natural Philosophy. Quantum mechanics (QM) was developed over the first quarter of the 20th Century, when scientists were enthralled by a new philosophy known as Positivism, whose foundations were based on the assumption that material objects exist only when measured by humans – this central assumption conflates epistemology (knowledge) with ontology (existence). The present critique rejects this human-centered view of reality by assuming material reality has existed long before (and will persist long after) human beings (“Realism”). The defensive view that the micro-world is too different to understand using regular thinking (and only a mathematical approach is possible) is rejected totally. At least 12 earlier QM interpretations are critically analyzed, indicating the broad interest in “what does QM mean?” The standard theory of quantum mechanics is thus constructed on only how the micro-world appears to macro measurements - as such, it cannot offer any view of how the foundations of the world are acting when humans are not observing it - this has generated almost 100 years of confusion and contradiction at the very heart of physics. Significantly, we live in a world that is not being measured by scientists but is interacting with itself and with us. QM has failed to provide explanations: only recipes (meaningless equations), not insights. Physics has returned to the pre-Newtonian world of Ptolemaic phenomenology: only verifiable numbers without real understanding. The focus needs to be on an explicit linkage between the micro-world, when left to itself, and our mental models of this sphere of material reality, via the mechanism of measurement. This limits the role of measurement to confirming our mental models of reality but never confusing these with a direct image of ‘the thing in itself’. This implies a deep divide between reality and appearances, as Kant suggested. This paper includes an original analysis of several major assumptions that have been implicit in Classical Mechanics (CM) that were acceptable in the macroscopic domain of reality, demonstrated by its proven successes. Unfortunately, only a few of these assumptions were challenged by the developers of QM. We now show that these other assumptions are still generating confusions in the interpretation of QM and blocking further progress in the understanding of the microscopic domain. Several of these flawed assumptions were introduced by Newton to support the use of continuum mathematics as a model of nature. This paper proposes that it is the attempt to preserve continuum mathematics (especially calculus), which drives much of the mystery and confusion behind all attempts at understanding quantum mechanics. The introduction of discrete mathematics is proposed to help analyze the discrete interactions between the quintessential quantum objects: the electrons and their novel properties. A related paper demonstrates that it is possible to create a point-particle theory of electrons that explains all their peculiar (and ‘paradoxical’) behavior using only physical hypotheses and discrete mathematics without introducing the continuum mathematical ideas of fields or waves. Another (related) paper proves that all the known results for the hydrogen atom can also be exactly calculated from this new perspective with the discrete mathematics. * Surrey, B.C. Canada (604) 542-2299 spsi99@telus.net Version 2.015 08-05-2017 Begun 23-06-2008 {pp. 82, 70.2 Kw; 800 KB}
ABSTRACT Contemporary physics faces a conceptual deadlock: The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics postulates that fundamental reality is probabilistic and undetermined until measurement. This paper challenges this view, arguing that the deadlock stems from neglecting the propagation medium. Starting from a calculated Vacuum Energy Density of \rho_{\text{vac}} \approx 10^{26} \text{ kg/m}^3, we propose a deterministic hydrodynamic model. We demonstrate that "superposition" is not a state of multiple existence, but a rapid dynamic scanning of phase space by a pressurized soliton. The "Collapse" of the wavefunction is redefined as a mechanical phenomenon of "Geometric Impedance Matching" (Lock-in): under the hydrostatic pressure of the vacuum, the particle is forced to instantaneously occupy the single spatial configuration that minimizes the local system tension. This model eliminates the probability paradox, suggesting that the Universe operates not on chance, but on geometric necessity and pressure equilibrium. 1. INTRODUCTION: THE CRISIS OF CURRENT INTERPRETATION For over a century, physics has accepted a painful compromise: the mathematical precision of quantum formalism (Schrödinger equation) comes at the cost of abandoning local realism. It is tacitly accepted that at the micro-level, cause and effect are suspended in favor of pure chance (Born rule). This paper proposes that quantum paradoxes are not intrinsic to nature but are the result of missing information about the Background Medium. Treating the vacuum as abstract (empty) geometry makes it impossible to explain the causal mechanism of collapse. Reintroducing a Superfluid Vacuum resolves the discontinuity between the micro (quantum) and macro (relativistic) worlds. 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: VACUUM HYDRODYNAMICS 2.1. The Particle as a Vortex (Soliton) We define the elementary particle not as a point object, but as a topological soliton stabilized in an inviscid fluid. Its stability is maintained by the balance between the external vacuum pressure (P_{\text{vac}}) and the centrifugal force of the internal spin. 2.2. Vacuum Pressure as a Forcing Agent The medium exerts continuous pressure on matter. In accordance with the generalized Bernoulli Principle for quantum superfluids: P_{\text{local}} + \frac{1}{2}\rho_{\text{vac}}v^2 + V_{\text{potential}} = \text{Constant} Any discontinuity in geometry (a "hole" or electric potential) creates a pressure gradient (\nabla P). This gradient is the actual physical force guiding system evolution. 3. WAVEFUNCTION COLLAPSE: GEOMETRIC REINTERPRETATION The central "Measurement Problem" asks: Why does a spatially extended wavefunction suddenly reduce to a point? 3.1. Superposition as Geometric Scanning The wavefunction \Psi does not represent abstract probability, but a description of the particle's hydrodynamic trajectory. In an unperturbed state, the soliton oscillates, effectively "feeling" or scanning the geometry of the surrounding system. 3.2. The "Key-in-Lock" Mechanism Measurement introduces a geometric constraint (the measuring apparatus creates a potential template). Collapse is not a random choice, but a process of Tension Minimization. The Macroscopic System (Vacuum + Apparatus) possesses a specific energetic "hole" (a geometry of minimum impedance). Vacuum Pressure (10^{26} \text{kg/m}^3 equivalent) pushes the particle. The particle inevitably and instantaneously slips ("Clicks") into the geometric configuration that perfectly matches the potential shape, akin to a key entering a lock or water filling a crack. Partial Conclusion: The measurement result is predetermined by local spacetime geometry and the vacuum tension configuration. There is no randomness, only hidden geometric complexity. 4. ELIMINATING PROBABILITY: TOP-DOWN CAUSALITY Quantum probability (|\Psi|^2) is not ontological. It is a statistical measure of vacuum density distribution. Where the flux line density is high -> The probability of finding the particle is high. The particle does not "roll the dice." The particle is transported by vacuum currents to the point of maximum stability. We introduce the concept of Hydrodynamic Top-Down Causality: The Pressure of the Whole (Universe/System) dictates the position of the Part (Particle). The system does not tolerate pressure "voids"; it forcefully fills them. 5. IMPLICATIONS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING AND AI If collapse is a geometric matching function rather than a probabilistic one, future technology must abandon the "brute force" approach. Optimal algorithms should be Topological, constructing geometric "negatives" of the sought solution, allowing information to naturally "collapse" toward the correct answer with minimal energy consumption. 6. FINAL CONCLUSION Abandoning causality in the 1920s was a strategic error caused by the refusal to accept a dense physical medium. Reintegrating Vacuum Energy Density as the main actor demonstrates that quantum mechanics is a branch of Advanced Hydrodynamics. Reality is strictly deterministic, governed by precise geometric architecture, where "probabilities" are merely the shadow of our ignorance regarding the vacuum's shape. It is time to step off the path of "Probability" and onto the path of "Deterministic Geometry."
The nature of the problem The quantum world is inexplicable in classical terms. The predictions pertaining to the interaction of matter and light embodied in Newton's laws for the motion of particles and Maxwell's equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic fields are in flat contradiction with the experimental facts at the microscopic scale. A key feature of quantum effects is their apparent indeterminism, that individual atomic events are unpredictable, uncontrollable and literally seem to have no cause. Regularities emerge only when one considers a large ensemble of such events. This indeed is generally considered to constitute the heart of the conceptual problem posed by quantum phenomena, necessitating a fundamental revision of the deterministic classical world view. Some of the principal phenomena, among those discussed in this book, are as follows: ( a ) Self-interference: a beam of electrons sent one at a time through a barrier containing two apertures builds up through a series of localized detection events on a screen an interference pattern characteristic of waves (cf. the frontispiece and §5.1). ( b ) Tunnelling: an α-particle trapped in a nucleus can pass through a potential barrier in a manner forbidden to a classical particle (§5.3). ( c ) The stability of matter: atoms and molecules are found to exist only in certain discrete, or ‘stationary’, energy states. For this reason they do not ‘collapse’, the result predicted by classical electrodynamics. During transitions between stationary states (quantum jumps) an atom exchanges a discrete quantity of energy with the electromagnetic field (§§4.5, 7.6). […]
The behavior of classical macroscopic particles – from baseballs to planets – is governed by Newtonian mechanics as we have described in the first chapters of this book. The behavior of very small particles, on the other hand, is governed by an entirely different collection of equations and rules that go under the name of “quantum mechanics” and these particles are referred to as quantum particles. These rules have analogies to classical mechanics, but are fundamentally different and somewhat mysterious as we discussed in Chapter 8. The fundamental principles of quantum mechanics cannot be proven to be correct. They were developed based on the results of experimental observation, by analogy with classical mechanics, and through the consideration of logical implications of the formalisms used. There is no way to derive the fundamental elements of quantum mechanics, any more than one could predict from first principles that Newtonian forces should add as vectors. On the other hand, quantum mechanics is among the most rigorously tested theories in science, and the predictions of quantum mechanics have, so far, always been in agreement with experiment. In this chapter, we will present quantum mechanics as a series of postulates and examine their implications in application to simple one-dimensional systems. In the next chapter we will examine quantum effects in real systems including atoms, molecules, crystals, and artificially engineered nano-structures. Postulates of quantum mechanics QM Postulate 1: A quantum particle is described by a wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) which is a function of spatial coordinates and time. All physically determinable quantities can be derived from the wave function Ψ( x , y , z , t ) ; quantities which cannot be found from the wave function are not physically meaningful. Note that some things that one could ask about a quantum particle, for example the exact position and simultaneous exact momentum of a particle, are not derivable from the wave function and are therefore considered indeterminate (or uncertain ). These are things which cannot ever be known about a particle, and, as such, they are meaningless to contemplate.
The path integral formulation of quantum mechanics constructs the propagator by evaluating the action S for all classical paths in coordinate space. A corresponding momentum path integral may also be defined through Fourier transforms in the endpoints. Although these momentum path integrals are especially simple for several special cases, no one has, to my knowledge, ever formally constructed them from all classical paths in momentum space. I show that this is possible because there exists another classical mechanics based on an alternate classical action R. Hamilton's Canonical equations result from a variational principle in both S and R. S uses fixed beginning and ending spatial points while R uses fixed beginning and ending momentum points. This alternative action's classical mechanics also includes a Hamilton-Jacobi equation. I also present some important points concerning the beginning and ending conditions on the action necessary to apply a Canonical transformation. These properties explain the failure of the Canonical transformation in the phase space path integral. It follows that a path integral may be constructed from classical position paths using S in the coordinate representation or from classical momentum paths using R in the momentum representation. Several example calculations are presented that illustrate the simplifications and practical advantages made possible by this broader view of the path integral. In particular, the normalized amplitude for a free particle is found without using the Schrodinger equation, the internal spin degree of freedom is simply and naturally derived, and the simple harmonic oscillator is calculated.