Atomic sensors are among the best devices for precision measurements of time, electric and magnetic fields, and inertial forces. However, all atomic sensors that utilise uncorrelated particles are ultimately limited by quantum projection noise, as is already the case for state-of-the-art atomic clocks. This so-called standard quantum limit (SQL) can be overcome by employing entanglement, a prime example being the spin-squeezed states. Spin squeezing can be produced in a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of the collective spin, particularly with cavity quantum electrodynamical (cQED) interactions. In this thesis, I present the second-generation trapped-atom clock on a chip (TACC) experiment, where we combine a metrology-grade compact clock with a miniature cQED platform to test quantum metrology protocols at a metrologically-relevant precision level. In a standard Ramsey spectroscopy, the stability of the apparatus is confirmed by a fractional frequency Allan deviation of 6E-13 at 1 s. We demonstrate spin squeezing by QND measurement, reaching 8(1) dB for 1.7E4 atoms, currently limited by decoherence due to technical noise. Cold collisions between atoms play an important role at this level of precision, leading to rich spin dynamics. Here we find that the interplay between cavity measurements and collisional spin dynamics manifests itself in a quantum amplification effect of the cavity measurement. A simple model is proposed, and is confirmed by initial measurements. New experiments in this direction may shed light on the surprising many-body physics in this sytem of interacting cold atoms.
Atomic sensors are among the best devices for precision measurements of time, electric and magnetic fields, and inertial forces. However, all atomic sensors that utilise uncorrelated particles are ultimately limited by quantum projection noise, as is already the case for state-of-the-art atomic clocks. This so-called standard quantum limit (SQL) can be overcome by employing entanglement, a prime example being the spin-squeezed states. Spin squeezing can be produced in a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of the collective spin, particularly with cavity quantum electrodynamical (cQED) interactions. In this thesis, I present the second-generation trapped-atom clock on a chip (TACC) experiment, where we combine a metrology-grade compact clock with a miniature cQED platform to test quantum metrology protocols at a metrologically-relevant precision level. In a standard Ramsey spectroscopy, the stability of the apparatus is confirmed by a fractional frequency Allan deviation of 6E-13 at 1 s. We demonstrate spin squeezing by QND measurement, reaching 8(1) dB for 1.7E4 atoms, currently limited by decoherence due to technical noise. Cold collisions between atoms play an important role at this level of precision, leading to rich spin dynamics. Here we find that the interplay between cavity measurements and collisional spin dynamics manifests itself in a quantum amplification effect of the cavity measurement. A simple model is proposed, and is confirmed by initial measurements. New experiments in this direction may shed light on the surprising many-body physics in this sytem of interacting cold atoms.
Atom sensors are highly sensitive devices used in time and frequency standards, inertial sensing and precision measurements of electromagnetic fields. Nowadays, they are developed to the extent that they can be limited by their quantum nature, i.e., the standard quantum limit (SQL). This limit arises from the individual and uncorrelated behaviour of the used atoms. However, it has been demonstrated that one can overcome this limit via the generation of quantum correlations and entanglement between the atoms. Proof of principle entanglement generation can be accomplished via different protocols, but this has very seldom been done in metrology-grade devices. In this thesis, we use a cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) platform to create a type of quantum correlated state named spin squeezed. We use as a platform a trapped-atom clock on a chip (TACC) to generate these entangled states. This metrology-grade device allows us to study the dynamics due to spin interactions in the long time scale, on the order of a second. The stability of the apparatus is confirmed by a fractional frequency Allan deviation of 6×10−13 at 1 s, a performance beating commercially available compact atom clocks.
The Dick effect and quantum projection noise (QPN) are among the most stringent limiting factors for state-of-the-art atomic frequency standards, including both primary and secondary standards, as well as compact clocks. A possible solution to the Dick effect relies on Quantum Non-Destructive (QND) detection, which allows multiple interrogations with weak measurements on the same atomic ensemble. Furthermore, spin-squeezed states, which can also be prepared by such QND detection, have the potential to enable clock measurements beyond the standard quantum limit, by employing quantum correlations. Our experimental platform is a Trapped-Atom Clock on a Chip (TACC) that uses ultracold Rb atoms, having demonstrated metrological stability. In the second generation of this experiment, we target quantum enhancement by using QND detection and spin-squeezed ultra-cold atoms generated by cavity QED interactions. To reach this goal, we have integrated two fiber Fabry-Perot cavities on the clock chip, realizing a platform for cavity QED in the strong coupling and weak coupling regimes. With this new device we aim to explore spin squeezing at a metrologically relevant level of stability. Here, we report on the current status and perspectives of this project.
Compression et dynamique de spin dans une horloge à atomes piégés Les capteurs atomiques sont un outil de référence pour les mesures de précision du temps, des champs électriques et magnétiques et des forces d'inertie. Cependant, en absence d’une corrélation quantique entre atomes, le bruit de projection quantique constitue une limite fondamentale pour ces capteurs, appelée la limite quantique standard (SQL). Les meilleures horloges actuelles ont déjà atteint cette limite. Cependant, elle peut être surmonté en utilisant l’intrication quantique, dans un état comprimé de spin notamment. Ce dernier peut être crée par mesure quantique non-destructive (QND), en particulier dans le cadre de l’électrodynamique quantique en cavité (cQED). Dans cette thèse, je présente la deuxième génération de l'horloge à atomes piégés sur puce TACC, dans laquelle nous combinons une horloge atomique compacte avec une plateforme cQED miniature pour tester les protocoles de métrologie quantique à un niveau de précision métrologique. Dans une mesure Ramsey standard, nous mesurons une stabilité de 6E-13 à 1 s. Nous démontrons la compression de spin par mesure QND, atteignant 8(1) dB pour 1.7E4 atomes, limitée actuellement par la décohérence due au bruit technique. Les collisions entre atomes froids jouent un rôle important à ce niveau de précision, donnant lieu à une riche dynamique de spin. Nous constatons que l’interaction entre mesures par la cavité et dynamique collisionnelle de spin se manifeste dans un effet d'amplification du signal de la cavité. Un modèle simple est proposé et confirmé par des mesures préliminaires. De nouvelles expériences sont proposés pour éclairer davantage la physique à N corps surprenante dans ce système d'atomes froids.
Large ensembles of uncorrelated atoms are extensively used as precise sensors of time, rotation, and gravity, and for tests of fundamental physics. The quantum nature of the sensors imposes a limit on their ultimate precision. Larger ensembles of N atoms can be used to average the quantum noise as 1/√N, a scaling known as the standard quantum limit. However, the ensemble size may be limited by technical constraints and/or atom-atom collisions -- a fundamental distinction from photon-based sensors. Learning to prepare entangled states of large ensembles with noise properties below the standard quantum limit will be key to extending both the precision and/or bandwidth of atomic sensors. More broadly, the generation and application of entanglement to solve problems is a core goal of quantum information science being pursued in both atomic and solid state systems.\nIn this thesis, we utilize the tools of cavity-QED to prepare entangled spin-squeezed states with 3.4(6) dB improvement in spectroscopic sensitivity over the standard quantum limit. The collective atomic spin is composed of the two-level clock states of 87Rb confined in a medium finesse F = 710 optical cavity. We employ cavity-aided quantum non-demolition measurements of the vacuum Rabi splitting to measure and subtract out the quantum projection noise of the collective spin state, preparing states with collective atomic spin projection noise 4.9(6) dB below the projection noise level. The conditionally reduced spin noise combined with the measured 1.5(3) dB reduction in the mean spin length implies a net 3.4(6) dB spectroscopic enhancement or conditional squeezing as defined by the Wineland criterion. Our method does not require single particle addressability and is applied to a spectroscopically large ensemble of N = 7 x 105 atoms using two collective population measurements, with the whole squeezing operation taking ~ 150 μs. The gain in sensitivity is spectroscopically equivalent to the enhancement obtained had we created > 105 pairs of maximally entangled qubits, demonstrating the power of a top-down approach for entangling large ensembles. The nondemolition probing of atomic populations via the vacuum Rabi splitting is also of broad interest for non-destructively reading out a wide variety of both atomic and solid state qubits.
Using the platform of a trapped-atom clock on a chip, we have generated spin-squeezed states and observed their time evolution on unprecedented timescales, showing that metrological spin squeezing is preserved for one second. We observe up to 8.1(9) dB of metrological squeezing in a cloud of 2times104 ultracold alkali atoms by quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement in a fiber Fabry-Perot microcavity. The experiment also reveals a surprising amplification effect in the final cavity measurement of the spin state. It results from a subtle interplay between the cavity coupling and the spin dynamics originating from cold collisions. Spin dynamics such as these are an important factor in real atomic clocks that previous proof-of-principle squeezing experiments had not been able to address. Our results open up encouraging perspectives for squeezing-enhanced atomic clocks in a metrologically relevant stability regime.
The controlled generation of entanglement forms the basis for currently emerging ‘quantum technologies’, such as quantum simulation, computation, and metrology. In the field of quantum metrology, multi-particle entangled states, such as spin-squeezed states, are investigated as a means to improve measurement precision beyond the ‘standard quantum limit’. This limit arises from the quantum noise inherent in measurements on a finite number of uncorrelated particles and limits today’s best atomic clocks. Atom chips combine exquisite coherent control of ultracold atoms with a compact and robust setup, suggesting their use for quantum metrology with portable atomic clocks and interferometers. A severe limitation of atom chips, however, is that techniques to control atomic interactions and to generate entanglement have not been experimentally available so far. In this thesis, I present experiments where we generate for the first time multi-particle entanglement on an atom chip. We achieve this by controlling elastic collisional interactions with a state-dependent potential. We employ this novel technique to generate spin-squeezed states of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate and show that they are a useful resource for quantum metrology, as they could be used to improve an interferometric measurement by 2.5 dB over the standard quantum limit. The state-dependent potential is created with the help of a coplanar microwave guide, which is integrated on our atom chip. In the vicinity of this waveguide a microwave nearfield is formed. When a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb is brought into this near-field, the hyperfine energy levels of the atoms are shifted differentially due to the AC Zeeman effect. The strong gradients in the field can be used to state-selectively shift the minimum of a static magnetic atom trap and thus coherently split an ensemble of atoms which have been prepared in a superposition of two internal states. During this process, nonlinear atomic interactions lead to the formation of a spinsqueezed state. I tomographically analyze the produced state, reconstruct its Wigner function, and deduce that it is at least four-particle entangled. I compare our results with a dynamical multi-mode simulation which takes not only the atomic motion and internal state dynamics but also particle losses into account and find good agreement. Moreover, I use this comparison to identify technical noise sources in our experiment, which currently limit the achieved amount of squeezing, and make suggestions on how to eliminate them in future experiments. Our method can in principle create a very large amount of squeezing and entanglement and is applicable to a wide variety of atomic systems, in particular to those for which no convenient Feshbach resonance exists. We envisage the implementation of this technique in portable atomic clocks and interferometers operating beyond the standard quantum limit. Furthermore, it is a valuable tool for experiments on many-body quantum physics and could enable quantum information processing on atom chips.