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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Influence of an electric field on Rydberg nD states of cold lithium atoms

Sergey Ya. Bronin, Andrey A. Bobrov, Д Е Фомичев, Sergey A. Saakyan, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, Boris B. Zelener, B. V. Zelener

Published May 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Influence of a weak electric field on the coherent Rydberg resonances was studied on two-photon transitions 2S–nD by recording the resonance fluorescence of lithium atoms in a magneto-optical trap. It was observed that an isolated spectral line 2P–nD transferred to the spectral band width growing with a principal number n (or an electric field E). It was shown that the frequency tuning of a resonant radiation on the left (right) edge of the band allows to create a gas of Rydberg atoms with fixed and large dipole moments d ∝ ea 0 n 2 (e is the elementary charge, a 0 is the Bohr radius), oriented against (along) the electric field. The radiation frequency was tuned on the center of the band would produced atomic states with zero dipole moments, but with a big contribution of states with maximum angular momentum quantum number l ~ n.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/1556/1/012067

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Abstract Influence of a weak electric field on the coherent Rydberg resonances was studied on two-photon transitions 2S–nD by recording the resonance fluorescence of lithium atoms in a magneto-optical trap. It was observed that an isolated spectral line 2P–nD transferred to the spectral band width growing with a principal number n (or an electric field E). It was shown that the frequency tuning of a resonant radiation on the left (right) edge of the band allows to create a gas of Rydberg atoms with fixed and large dipole moments d ∝ ea 0 n 2 (e is the elementary charge, a 0 is the Bohr radius), oriented against (along) the electric field. The radiation frequency was tuned on the center of the band would produced atomic states with zero dipole moments, but with a big contribution of states with maximum angular momentum quantum number l ~ n.
Resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions between cold Rydberg atoms were observed using microwave spectroscopy. Laser-cooled 85Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap were optically excited to 45d(5/2) Rydberg states using a pulsed laser. A microwave pulse transferred a fraction of these Rydberg atoms to the 46p(3/2) state. A second microwave pulse then drove atoms in the 45d(5/2) state to the 46d(5/2) state, and was used as a probe of interatomic interactions. The spectral width of this two-photon probe transition was found to depend on the presence of the 46p(3/2) atoms, and is due to the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction between 45d(5/2) and 46p(3/2) Rydberg atoms.
This paper reports on the results of experiments with cold rubidium Rydberg atoms in a magneto-optical trap. The specific feature of the experiments is the excitation of Rydberg atoms in a small volume within a cloud of cold atoms and the sorting of measured signals and spectra according to the number of detected Rydberg atoms. The effective lifetime of the 37 P Rydberg state and its polarizability in a weak electric field are measured. The results obtained are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. It is demonstrated that the localization of the excitation volume in the vicinity of the zero-magnetic-field point makes it possible to improve the spectral resolution and to obtain narrow microwave resonances in Rydberg atoms without switching off the quadrupole magnetic field of the trap. The dependence of the amplitude of dipole-dipole interaction resonances in Rydberg atoms on the number of atoms is measured. This dependence exhibits a linear behavior and agrees with the theory for a weak dipole-dipole interaction.
The large electric dipole moments associated with transitions between Rydberg states of atoms or molecules, make them ideal model systems with which to study Förster resonance energy transfer in collisions with other Rydberg atoms or molecules, or with polar ground-state molecules [1,2]. The sensitivity of high Rydberg states to electric fields allows these energy transfer processes to be tuned thorough resonance by exploiting the Stark effect. In this talk, I will describe recent experiments in which we have observed the resonant transfer of energy from the ground-state inversion sublevels in ammonia, to helium atoms in triplet Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers between 38 and 43. The experiments were performed at translational temperatures below 1 K in seeded, pulsed supersonic beams [3]. Electric fields up to ~10 V/cm were used to tune transitions between selected Rydberg states into resonance with the transitions between the inversion sublevels. Resonant energy transfer was identified by Rydberg-state-selective electric-field ionisation. The experimental data exhibit quantum-state-dependent resonance widths that range from 200 to 700 MHz and, in general, reduce as the value of the principal quantum number is increased. Comparison with the results of numerical calculations of the Rydberg energy-level structure and transition moments, shows a dependence of the measured widths on the electric dipole transition moments of the Rydberg-Rydberg transitions. These results are of particular interest, e.g., for applications in coherent control and quantum sensing [4-6], and in the study of low-temperature ion-molecule reactions performed within the orbit of a Rydberg electron [7]. [1] T. F. Gallagher, Phys. Rep. 210, 319 (1992) [2] F. B. Dunning, S. Buathong, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 37, 287 (2018) [3] K. Gawlas and S. D. Hogan, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 83 (2020) [4] M. Zeppenfeld, Euro. Phys. Lett. 118, 13002 (2017). [5] E. Kuznetsova, S. T. Rittenhouse, H. R. Sadeghpour, and S. F. Yelin, Phys. Rev. A 94, 032325 (2016). [6] E. Kuznetsova, S. T. Rittenhouse, H. R. Sadeghpour, and S. F. Yelin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 17115 (2011). [7] K. Höveler, J. Deiglmayr, J. A. Agner, H. Schmutz and F. Merkt, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23, 2676 (2021).
In a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of 7Li, two-photon Rydberg resonances are recorded by using a spectroscopic technique, which based on variation in the resonance fluorescence. The first excitation frequency is detuned by 0.59 GHz from the intermediate 2P 3/2 state. Two counter-propagating laser beams are used. The resonances are studied on two-photon transitions 2S 1/2 − nl in a range of principal quantum number n from 38 to 120. The widths of the observed resonances are varied from 4.4 to 13 MHz for different MOT parameters.
Our work is devoted to theoretical study of the two-photon coherent spectroscopy of 7 Li atoms continuously cooled in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) on the 2S–2P transition. The ultracold atoms are transferred to highly excited Rydberg states in a two-step coherent excitation process by red and UV lasers. The red laser is detuned by -600 MHz from 2S–2P transition frequency and UV laser frequency detuning is scanned in the vicinity of +600 MHz from 2P-nS(D) transition where n∼40-100 is principal quantum number. The fluorescence signal on the 2P–2S cooling transition makes it possible to obtain a two-photon absorption spectrum. Atom-field interaction is considered in the simple three-level approximation involving a density matrix formalism. It is shown that the effect of the MOT beams on the shape of the two-photon absorption line can be taken into account by an appropriate change in the 2S–nS(D) coherence decay rate.
Experiments are carried out on the spectroscopy of the Förster resonance lines Rb(37 P ) + Rb(37 P ) → Rb(37 S ) + Rb(38 S ) and microwave transitions nP → n ′ S , n ′ D between Rydberg states of cold rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Under ordinary conditions, all spectra exhibit a linewidth of 2–3 MHz irrespective of the interaction time between atoms or between atoms and microwave radiation, although the limit resonance width should be determined by the inverse interaction time. The analysis of experimental conditions has shown that the main source of line broadening is the inhomogeneous electric field of cold photoions that are generated under the excitation of initial nP Rydberg states by broadband pulsed laser radiation. The application of an additional electric-field pulse that rapidly extracts photoions produced by a laser pulse leads to a considerable narrowing of lines of microwave resonances and the Förster resonance. Various sources of line broadening in cold Rydberg atoms are analyzed.