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Physical Review A

Achieving higher precision in quantum parameter estimation with feedback controls

Liqiang Liu, Haidong Yuan

Published Jul 8, 2020• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the effect of feedback controls in quantum parameter estimation. In particular, we study the estimation of a magnetic field with a spin in the presence of the spontaneous emission where feedback control, triggered by the detection of the emitted photons, is employed to improve the precision limit. We also study the effect of additional Hamiltonian controls and show that they can provide further improvement on the precision limit.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.102.012208

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We study the effect of feedback controls in quantum parameter estimation. In particular, we study the estimation of a magnetic field with a spin in the presence of the spontaneous emission where feedback control, triggered by the detection of the emitted photons, is employed to improve the precision limit. We also study the effect of additional Hamiltonian controls and show that they can provide further improvement on the precision limit.
Quantum metrology provides a fundamental limit on the precision of multi-parameter estimation, called the Heisenberg limit, which has been achieved in noiseless quantum systems. However, for systems subject to noises, it is hard to achieve this limit since noises are inclined to destroy quantum coherence and entanglement. In this paper, a combined control scheme with feedback and quantum error correction (QEC) is proposed to achieve the Heisenberg limit in the presence of spontaneous emission, where the feedback control is used to protect a stabilizer code space containing an optimal probe state and an additional control is applied to eliminate the measurement incompatibility among three parameters. Although an ancilla system is necessary for the preparation of the optimal probe state, our scheme does not require the ancilla system to be noiseless. In addition, the control scheme in this paper has a low-dimensional code space. For the three components of a magnetic field, it can achieve the highest estimation precision with only a 2-dimensional code space, while at least a 4-dimensional code space is required in the common optimal error correction protocols.
Time is a valuable resource and it is expected that a longer time period should lead to better precision in Hamiltonian parameter estimation. However, recent studies in quantum metrology have shown that in certain cases more time may even lead to worse estimations, which puts this intuition into question. In this Letter we show that by including feedback controls this intuition can be restored. By deriving asymptotically optimal feedback controls we quantify the maximal improvement feedback controls can provide in Hamiltonian parameter estimation and show a universal time scaling for the precision limit under the optimal feedback scheme. Our study reveals an intriguing connection between noncommutativity in the dynamics and the gain of feedback controls in Hamiltonian parameter estimation.
A pivotal task in quantum metrology, and quantum parameter estimation in general, is to design schemes that achieve the highest precision with the given resources. Standard models of quantum metrology usually assume that the dynamics is fixed and that the highest precision is achieved by preparing the optimal probe states and performing optimal measurements. However, in many practical experimental settings, additional controls are usually available to alter the dynamics. Here we propose to use optimal control methods for further improvement of the precision limit of quantum parameter estimation. We show that, by exploring the additional degree of freedom offered by the controls, a higher-precision limit can be achieved. In particular, we show that the precision limit under the controlled schemes can go beyond the constraints put by the coherent time, which is in contrast with the standard scheme where the precision limit is always bounded by the coherent time.
We describe the formalism for optimally estimating and controlling both the state of a spin ensemble and a scalar magnetic field with information obtained from a continuous quantum limited measurement of the spin precession due to the field. The full quantum parameter estimation model is reduced to a simplified equivalent representation to which classical estimation and control theory is applied. We consider both the tracking of static and fluctuating fields in the transient and steady-state regimes. By using feedback control, the field estimation can be made robust to uncertainty about the total spin number.
We investigate a scheme to improve the precision of parameter estimation using no-knowledge measurement-based feedback control. The scheme shows that combination of no-knowledge measurement-based feedback control and quantum weak measurement is the optimal way to suppress decoherence. Our results indicate that compared with knowledge quantum feedback control, under the same weak measurement condition, the precision of parameter estimation can be improved more effectively with no knowledge quantum feedback control. Further, based on numerical simulation, we find that the feedback operator is chosen as [Formula: see text] (or both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which can protect quantum Fisher information (QFI) for a long time.