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Microworld_62. Newton's World_1 I. Experimental Proof Absence in Nature Indivisible Quanta of Energy

N.N. Leonov

Published Jun 1, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Modern knowledge about the structure of the microworld turned out to be inferior due to two fundamental errors made as far back as the century before last when interpreting the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851). Refusing, due to these errors, to take into account the ether and magnetic interactions between microobjects, physics was not able to use Newton's “classical” formalism to study the microworld and turned to a quantum worldview. Despite the stream of self-praise and Nobel prizes, quantum theory failed to achieve a full, detailed understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus, unexcited atom, photon, excited atom, electron, neutron, proton, ... In 1979, experimental evidence was published in the Central Russian Physical Academic Journal of the absence of undivided energy quanta in Nature [1]. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating on the classical methods of Newton, tells how it corrects the mentioned physical misunderstandings..

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Modern knowledge about the structure of the microworld turned out to be inferior due to two fundamental errors made as far back as the century before last when interpreting the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851). Refusing, due to these errors, to take into account the ether and magnetic interactions between microobjects, physics was not able to use Newton's “classical” formalism to study the microworld and turned to a quantum worldview. Despite the stream of self-praise and Nobel prizes, quantum theory failed to achieve a full, detailed understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus, unexcited atom, photon, excited atom, electron, neutron, proton, ... In 1979, experimental evidence was published in the Central Russian Physical Academic Journal of the absence of undivided energy quanta in Nature [1]. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating on the classical methods of Newton, tells how it corrects the mentioned physical misunderstandings..
Failures in solving a number of physical problems associated with the structure of the microworld began due to two fundamental mistakes made in the old classical physics, when interpreting the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851). Because of them, it was not possible to develop a detailed understanding of the true structure of the atom; this was due to the inability of physicists to eliminate the indicated fundamental errors. Blaming the “classical” Newtonian methods for this failure, physicists proceeded to build a “new” physics - quantum theory and theories of relativity. Without realizing this, they brought into the new physics old fundamental errors that entered the paradigms of the new physics and made them inadequate. This is illustrated with specific examples.
Due to the idea of atomism, there were discovered atoms, nucleons, and electrons. The atomic theory incorporated seeds of the idea of infinite divisibility of matter aimed at perceiving the structure of the entire material world. The next step in that perceiving should have been the recognition of ether discovered in Fizeau’s experiment. However, physicists did not recognize the discovery. The neglect of ether in physical theories resulted in physicists’ failure to use the methods of “classic”, Newtonian physics to gain a detailed understanding of atomic structure, and to build a “classic” microworld theory. As consequence, there emerged the quantum hypothesis that became a basis for the quantum physics of microworld. As the quantum hypothesis appeared to be in irreconcilable contradiction with the idea of infinite divisibility of matter, because of the neglect of ether, the quantum physics failed to understand the real structure of electrons and nucleons, even though all the necessary and ample experimental facts there had been obtained on microobject accelerators. Instead of objective ideas of the structure of electrons and nucleons or further development of knowledge regarding the structure of matter, there appeared fake concepts of quarks, myons, pions, bosons, etc., that do not exist in the real material world Experimental evidence as to the lack of indivisible quanta in nature [1] seemed to have fixed the intolerable situation but quantum physicists did not “notice” that.
On a number of physical problems, a comparison is made of the effectiveness of the methods of cognition of quantum theory and the classical methods of Newton. The well-known statements of physicists about their excellent knowledge of classical methods turned out to be untrue. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating with Newton's classical methods, has shown how to solve physical problems that do not lend themselves to the methods of new physics - quantum theory and the theory of relativity.
The Quantum theory deals with the microscopic structure of the Universe that describes the finer details of nature at the subatomic domain.To a physicist, quantum mechanics is one of the three great pillars supporting our intuition of evocative, bewildering and fascinating natural World as we continuously struggle with the inescapable strangeness of the subatomic domain as if something strange is always afoot.It is well accepted fact that quantum mechanics is a physical theory that describes the way things behave at subatomic level which is quite dazzling in its precision and explanatory power.A test of quantum electrodynamics, the oldest and best understood of the modern quantum theory that involves measuring the way an electron behaves in the vicinity of a magnetic force. Many of the technological and social changes that have revolutionized our lives have actually risen out of the fundamental theoretical research carried out with only motivation to understand the World in a better way than ever. For example, the invention of transistor actually came with the fundamental theoretical research on the Uncertainty Principle which states that the uncertainty of the position of a particle times the uncertainty of its velocity is always a constant. If we double the certainty of the position of the particle, we have to make half the certainty of its velocity and vice versa. Quantum theory is perhaps the prime example of the infinitely esoteric in the sense that it describes a World in which a particle really can be in several places at once and it moves from one place to another by exploring the entire Universe simultaneously-the theory of simultaneity. The diverse and complex Universe is actually made of a few tiny particles according to the rules of quantum theory which is so simple that can be summarized on the back of an envelope. The more we understand about the elemental nature of the Universe, the simpler it looks. We have already discovered that everything in the diverse and complex Universe is nothing but the different assemblies of atoms, and the wide variety of atoms are constructed using the three building blocks at the sub-atomic domain i.e. subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. We have also discovered that protons and neutrons ate made up of combination of three entities called quarks. And that is where things stop as far as recent discovery is concerned. But the recent progress in particle physics inspiring the quest for the ultimate unified theory of physics that can describe everything in the Universe in one go. The discovery of Boson particle certainty will revolutionaries the Newton's mass concept and gravity into whole new looks. To an optimistic point of view, we must hope the best out of the progress in physics.
The description of the physical and chemical properties of matter is a central issue that has occupied the minds of scientists since the age of the ancient Greeks. In their route to dissect matter down to what cannot be divided any further, they coined the term atom , the indivisible . Matter became then a collection of atoms. More than twenty centuries had to pass until the development of a more precise concept of atom, thanks, amongst others, to the systematic studies of Mendeleyev and the establishment in 1869 of the periodic table of the elements (Mendeleyev, 1869). The discovery of the electron in 1897 and the first modern model of the atomic structure by Sir Joseph Thomson were soon refined by his student, Sir Ernest Rutherford, who in 1910 showed that an atom was made of a positively charged small nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons that neutralize the nuclear charge. Much in the spirit of planetary systems, and drawing from the analogy between gravitational and electrostatic interactions, scientists in the beginning of the twentieth century built an image of the atom that consisted of a number Z of electrons – of elementary charge – e – orbiting around the nucleus of charge Ze . A number of experimental observations, though, were incompatible with this idea of orbiting electrons. In particular, according to the successful electromagnetic theory, charged electrons in orbital (radially accelerated) motion should radiate energy, thus decelerating and eventually collapsing onto the nucleus. Clearly, such a picture would imply that matter is essentially unstable, in flagrant contradiction with our everyday experience of the very existence of matter.
Chapter 2 Schrodinger’s wave mechanics I Quantum mechanics — a new approach to describing atomic m atter If experimental evidence conflicts with an accepted scientific theory, adjustments to the theory can usually be made, but only up to a point. As mounting experimental evidence becomes overwhelming, scientists sometimes have to revolutionize their ideas with a new theory capable of accommodating experimental observations comfortably. Perhaps the most significant scientific revolution since the time of Newton, began at around the turn of the twentieth century and peaked in the mid1920s, with the advent of Schrodinger’s formulation of quantum mechanics. The need for a revolutionary theory of microscopic nature began to be recognized as the results of experimental atomic physics accreted into a body of evidence which, scientists eventually realized, undermined many of the basic ideas of classical mechanics. (Figure 2.1.) The challenge to classical mechanics could hardly have been more formidable, for the world of classical mechanics is deterministic. Classical mechanics supposes that, while the mathematical difficulties are often insurmountable, it is in principle possible, given sufficient information about the present, to predict the future exactly, that is, to predict the progress of any experiment with absolute certainty. The evidence from atomic physics implied that this was not true of microscopic nature. In microscopic nature, identical conditions do not produce identical results.