Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physics Letters A

Quantum relaxation in hydrogen eigenstates and two-state transitions

C. Colijn, Edward R. Vrscay

Published May 1, 2004• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The evolution of probability distributions for quantum systems defined by the de Broglie–Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is examined in the context of whether, in general, a non-|ψ|2 distribution will evolve to approximate a |ψ|2 distribution, as has been suggested by Bohm and others. This study focusses on hydrogen eigenstates and two-state hydrogen transitions stimulated by semi-classical radiation. It is shown that this process of ‘relaxation’ will not in general occur in such hydrogen systems, and thus that the de Broglie–Bohm theory must retain the |ψ|2 postulate if it is to be consistent with the standard quantum theory of individual systems.

Related papers

The de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and its Application to some Simple Systems

Caroline Colijn

The de Broglie-Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is discussed, and applied to the hydrogen atom in several contexts. Prominent critiques of the causal program are noted and responses are given; it is argued that the de Broglie-Bohm theory is of notable interest to physics. Using the causal theory, electron trajectories are found for the conventional Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac hydrogen eigenstates. In the Schrödinger case, an additional term is used to account for the spin; this term was not present in the original formulation of the theory but is necessary for the theory to be embedded in a relativistic formulation. In the Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac cases, the eigenstate trajectories are shown to be circular, with electron motion revolving around the z-axis. Electron trajectories are also found for the 1s-2p0 transition problem under the Schrödinger equation; it is shown that the transition can be characterized by a comparison of the trajectory to the relevant eigenstate trajectories. The structures of the computed trajectories are relevant to the question of the possible evolution of a quantum distribution towards the standard quantum distribution (quantum equilibrium); this process is known as quantum relaxation. The transition problem is generalized to include all possible transitions in hydrogen stimulated by semi-classical radiation, and all of the trajectories found are examined in light of their implications for the evolution of the distribution to the standard distribution. Several promising avenues for future research are discussed.

•Jan 1, 2003•2 citations

Dynamical origin of quantum probabilities

Antony Valentini, Hans Westman

We study the origin of the Born probability rule ρ = | ψ | 2 in the de Broglie–Bohm pilot–wave formulation of quantum theory. It is argued that quantum probabilities arise dynamically, and have a status similar to thermal probabilities in ordinary statistical mechanics. This is illustrated by numerical simulations for a two–dimensional system. We show that a simple initial ensemble, with a non–standard distribution ρ ≠ | ψ | 2 of particle positions, evolves towards the quantum distribution to high accuracy. The relaxation process ρ →| ψ | 2 is quantified in terms of a coarse–grained H –function (equal to minus the relative entropy of ρ with respect to | ψ | 2 ), which is found to decrease approximately exponentially over time, with a time constant that accords with a simple theoretical estimate.

arXiv:quant-ph/0403034•Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences•Oct 26, 2004•225 citations

Spin-dependent Bohm trajectories associated with an electronic transition in hydrogen

Caroline Colijn, Edward R. Vrscay

The Bohm causal theory of quantum mechanics with spin-dependence is used to determine electron trajectories when a hydrogen atom is subjected to (semi-classical) radiation. The transition between the 1s ground state and the 2p0 state is examined. It is found that transitions can be identified along Bohm trajectories. The trajectories lie on invariant hyperboloid surfaces of revolution in R 3. The energy along the trajectories is also discussed in relation to the hydrogen energy eigenvalues. PACS Nos: 3.65.Bz Keywords: de Broglie-Bohm quantum mechanics, causal interpretation

•Apr 1, 2003•9 citations

Quantum non-equilibrium and relaxation to equilibrium for a class of de Broglie–Bohm-type theories

Samuel Colin, Ward Struyve

The de Broglie–Bohm theory is about non-relativistic point-particles that move deterministically along trajectories. The theory reproduces the predictions of standard quantum theory, given that the distribution of particles over an ensemble of systems, all described by the same wavefunction ψ, equals the quantum equilibrium distribution |ψ| 2 . Numerical simulations done by Valentini and Westman (2005 Proc. R. Soc. A 461 253) have illustrated that non-equilibrium particle distributions may relax to quantum equilibrium after some time. Here we consider non-equilibrium distributions and their relaxation properties for a particular class of trajectory theories (first studied in detail by Deotto and Ghirardi (1998 Found. Phys. 28 1)) that are empirically equivalent to the de Broglie–Bohm theory in quantum equilibrium. In the examples we studied of such theories, we found a speed-up of the relaxation, compared to the ordinary de Broglie–Bohm theory. Hence non-equilibrium predictions that depend strongly on relaxation properties, such as those studied recently by Valentini, may vary across different trajectory theories. As such, these theories might be experimentally distinguishable.

arXiv:0911.2823•New Journal of Physics•Apr 1, 2010•31 citations

Bohmian Trajectories of the Two-Electron Helium Atom

Jeff Timko

We introduce the de Broglie-Bohm causal interpreation of quantum mechanics and compare it to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen interpretation. We examine the possibility of experimentally distinguishing between the two theories, as well as the potential for the causal interpretation to more easily bridge the gap between the physics of the quantum and classical worlds. We then use the causal interpretation to construct a deterministic model of the helium atom in which the two electrons move along trajectories through space and time about a stationary nucleus. The dynamics are governed by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation and the spin vectors of both electrons are assumed to be constant along their respective trajectories. We examine the Bohmian trajectories associated with (approximations to) eigenstates of the helium Hamiltonian as well as the trajectories associated with some non-eigenstates. We also compute an approximation to the ground state energy of the helium atom using a representation of the helium wavefunction in terms of hydrogenic eigenfunctions which is motivated by a perturbation approach.

•Jan 17, 2008•1 citation

A New de Broglie-Bohm Interpretation and the Stability of the Hydrogen Atom

Kazuyasu Shigemoto

We proposed a new de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, applied it to various cases, and derived the particle dynamics of de Broglie-Bohm mechanics from the wave dynamics of quantum mechanics.De Broglie-Bohm dynamics, constructed from the ground state of quantum mechanics, is often consistent with classical dynamics. Even when the two differ, the discrepancy remains within the range of minute quantum effects. Consequently, for many quantum mechanical ground states, quantum mechanics and de Broglie-Bohm mechanics, linked by the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, are consistent and free of contradictions.

European Journal of Applied Physics•Oct 20, 2026•0 citations
The evolution of probability distributions for quantum systems defined by the de Broglie–Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is examined in the context of whether, in general, a non-|ψ|2 distribution will evolve to approximate a |ψ|2 distribution, as has been suggested by Bohm and others. This study focusses on hydrogen eigenstates and two-state hydrogen transitions stimulated by semi-classical radiation. It is shown that this process of ‘relaxation’ will not in general occur in such hydrogen systems, and thus that the de Broglie–Bohm theory must retain the |ψ|2 postulate if it is to be consistent with the standard quantum theory of individual systems.
The de Broglie-Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is discussed, and applied to the hydrogen atom in several contexts. Prominent critiques of the causal program are noted and responses are given; it is argued that the de Broglie-Bohm theory is of notable interest to physics. Using the causal theory, electron trajectories are found for the conventional Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac hydrogen eigenstates. In the Schrödinger case, an additional term is used to account for the spin; this term was not present in the original formulation of the theory but is necessary for the theory to be embedded in a relativistic formulation. In the Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac cases, the eigenstate trajectories are shown to be circular, with electron motion revolving around the z-axis. Electron trajectories are also found for the 1s-2p0 transition problem under the Schrödinger equation; it is shown that the transition can be characterized by a comparison of the trajectory to the relevant eigenstate trajectories. The structures of the computed trajectories are relevant to the question of the possible evolution of a quantum distribution towards the standard quantum distribution (quantum equilibrium); this process is known as quantum relaxation. The transition problem is generalized to include all possible transitions in hydrogen stimulated by semi-classical radiation, and all of the trajectories found are examined in light of their implications for the evolution of the distribution to the standard distribution. Several promising avenues for future research are discussed.
We study the origin of the Born probability rule ρ = | ψ | 2 in the de Broglie–Bohm pilot–wave formulation of quantum theory. It is argued that quantum probabilities arise dynamically, and have a status similar to thermal probabilities in ordinary statistical mechanics. This is illustrated by numerical simulations for a two–dimensional system. We show that a simple initial ensemble, with a non–standard distribution ρ ≠ | ψ | 2 of particle positions, evolves towards the quantum distribution to high accuracy. The relaxation process ρ →| ψ | 2 is quantified in terms of a coarse–grained H –function (equal to minus the relative entropy of ρ with respect to | ψ | 2 ), which is found to decrease approximately exponentially over time, with a time constant that accords with a simple theoretical estimate.
The Bohm causal theory of quantum mechanics with spin-dependence is used to determine electron trajectories when a hydrogen atom is subjected to (semi-classical) radiation. The transition between the 1s ground state and the 2p0 state is examined. It is found that transitions can be identified along Bohm trajectories. The trajectories lie on invariant hyperboloid surfaces of revolution in R 3. The energy along the trajectories is also discussed in relation to the hydrogen energy eigenvalues. PACS Nos: 3.65.Bz Keywords: de Broglie-Bohm quantum mechanics, causal interpretation
The de Broglie–Bohm theory is about non-relativistic point-particles that move deterministically along trajectories. The theory reproduces the predictions of standard quantum theory, given that the distribution of particles over an ensemble of systems, all described by the same wavefunction ψ, equals the quantum equilibrium distribution |ψ| 2 . Numerical simulations done by Valentini and Westman (2005 Proc. R. Soc. A 461 253) have illustrated that non-equilibrium particle distributions may relax to quantum equilibrium after some time. Here we consider non-equilibrium distributions and their relaxation properties for a particular class of trajectory theories (first studied in detail by Deotto and Ghirardi (1998 Found. Phys. 28 1)) that are empirically equivalent to the de Broglie–Bohm theory in quantum equilibrium. In the examples we studied of such theories, we found a speed-up of the relaxation, compared to the ordinary de Broglie–Bohm theory. Hence non-equilibrium predictions that depend strongly on relaxation properties, such as those studied recently by Valentini, may vary across different trajectory theories. As such, these theories might be experimentally distinguishable.
We introduce the de Broglie-Bohm causal interpreation of quantum mechanics and compare it to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen interpretation. We examine the possibility of experimentally distinguishing between the two theories, as well as the potential for the causal interpretation to more easily bridge the gap between the physics of the quantum and classical worlds. We then use the causal interpretation to construct a deterministic model of the helium atom in which the two electrons move along trajectories through space and time about a stationary nucleus. The dynamics are governed by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation and the spin vectors of both electrons are assumed to be constant along their respective trajectories. We examine the Bohmian trajectories associated with (approximations to) eigenstates of the helium Hamiltonian as well as the trajectories associated with some non-eigenstates. We also compute an approximation to the ground state energy of the helium atom using a representation of the helium wavefunction in terms of hydrogenic eigenfunctions which is motivated by a perturbation approach.
We proposed a new de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, applied it to various cases, and derived the particle dynamics of de Broglie-Bohm mechanics from the wave dynamics of quantum mechanics.De Broglie-Bohm dynamics, constructed from the ground state of quantum mechanics, is often consistent with classical dynamics. Even when the two differ, the discrepancy remains within the range of minute quantum effects. Consequently, for many quantum mechanical ground states, quantum mechanics and de Broglie-Bohm mechanics, linked by the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, are consistent and free of contradictions.