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A superconducting quantum current standard

J.C. Gallop, W.J. Radcliffe

Published Jun 1, 1984• 4 citations
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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements•Aug 1, 2014•1 citation
An accurate standard of electric current is a long-standing challenge of modern metrology. It has been predicted that a superconducting nanowire in the regime of quantum fluctuations can be considered as the dynamic equivalent of a chain of conventional Josephson junctions. In full analogy with the quantum standard of electric voltage based on the Josephson effect, the quantum phase slip phenomenon in ultrathin superconducting nanowires could be used for building the quantum standard of electric current. This work presents advances toward this ultimate goal.
In superconducting quantum circuits, Josephson junctions are a key component to provide nonlinearity and enable superconducting qubits. Fabricating junctions with precise critical currents is crucial to defining qubit frequency. Here we suppress the critical current variation of Josephson junctions by varying the critical current density Jc and junction areas. The relative standard deviation of the critical current Ic is controlled to be below 0.8%. This uniform fabrication is promising for realizing scalable superconducting quantum computation.
Single electron pumping by a SINIS turnstile is investigated up to 1 GHz in various conditions to realize a quantum current standard. A standard deviation of the pumping current at 100 MHz is about 10-4at base temperature of a dilution refrigerator. As expected, the plateau of the pumped current degrades as temperature increases because of the thermal smearing of Fermi energy of a normal metal island. On the other hand, an externally applied magnetic fields dramatically suppresses excess current on the single electron pumping plateau. This originates from the quasiparticle relaxation enhancement due to the penetration of the magnetic vortices into the superconducting leads.