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Ionization Processes in a Cold Gas of Rydberg Atoms

D. Tong, S. M. Farooqi, S. Krishnan, Jovica Stanojevic, Y. P. Zhang, A. Estrin, J. R. Ensher, C. H. Cheng, Edward E. Eyler, P. L. Gould

Published May 1, 2003• 0 citations
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Pulsed field ionization has been used for state selective detection of Rydberg atoms in many contexts, and it has been generally assumed that field ionization is an isolated atom process. While this assumption is valid for room temperature atoms, in which all interatomic interactions are transient, it is not good for the frozen Rydberg gas, in which the same interactions are omnipresent. We describe field ionization of cold Rb atoms in which the dipole-dipole interaction between pairs of atoms alters the field ionization.
The emission of fast ions in Penning ionization of cold Rydberg atoms is experimentally observed, and the underlying ion acceleration mechanisms are identified. In the experiment, the Rydberg atoms in nS/nP/nD (n = 20-50) states were prepared by laser excitation of cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap, and the Penning ions were measured using velocity-map imaging technology. The influence of Penning process on the lifetime of Rydberg gas and the ion velocity distribution was investigated. The ion originating from conventional Penning ionization gains a velocity significantly higher than the thermal velocity of cold atom. It is accelerated by Coulomb repulsion from the nearby de-excited Rydberg atom. In addition, a small fraction of ions with velocities exceeding 40 m/s has been observed. These ions are interpreted as arising from double-ionization process of Rydberg atom-pair. The strong Coulomb repulsion between two ions within a close distance gives them considerable acceleration, resulting in a large velocity of the ions.
Rydberg-Rydberg collisions in a cold, dense Rydberg gas can lead to the conversion of internal energy into center-of-mass energy of the colliding atoms, resulting in Rydberg-atom velocities much larger than the initial velocities in the gas. We prepare cold Rydberg-atom gases by laser excitation of laser-cooled atom clouds and use time-of-flight measurements to demonstrate the production of fast Rydberg atoms. The velocity distributions of Rydberg atoms emerging from the Rydberg-atom gases are obtained. State-selective field ionization spectra indicate a correlation between the production of fast Rydberg atoms and the presence of Penning ionization signatures. The dependence of the yield of fast Rydberg atoms on Rydberg atom density is measured.