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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Parallel operation of GaAs bistable etalons: with and without crosstalk

Jack L. Jewell, Y. H. Lee

Published Jan 1, 1985• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the simultaneous, independent, and nearly identical operation on nanosecond time scales of GaAs optical bistable devices. A Wollaston prism inserted into the input beam produced two equal-intensity beams which were focused to <10-μm diam spots centered ~40 μm apart. Achievement of equal switch-on intensities for the two spots was straightforward and easy. Elimination of either beam by a polarizer revealed no visible change in the response to the other; thus the switches operated independently. Operation of four spots did not yield uniform response in this initial attempt. The device consists of sixty-one periods of 299 Å GaAs and 98 Å AIGaAs multiple quantum well structure capped by ~2000-Å AI­GaAs windows and sandwiched between 94% reflectance mirrors. Using two independently controlled beams we could vary continuously the distance between two spots. Diffusive crosstalk was then identified by a decrease in switch-on intensity of one of the beams when the other beam was brought sufficiently close. The extent of the carrier diffusion varied with position on the sample, orientation of the spots, and the switch-on intensities. The critical spacing at which crosstalk became noticeable ranged from 35 μm to more than 100 μm.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1985.fu4

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We demonstrate the simultaneous, independent, and nearly identical operation on nanosecond time scales of GaAs optical bistable devices. A Wollaston prism inserted into the input beam produced two equal-intensity beams which were focused to <10-μm diam spots centered ~40 μm apart. Achievement of equal switch-on intensities for the two spots was straightforward and easy. Elimination of either beam by a polarizer revealed no visible change in the response to the other; thus the switches operated independently. Operation of four spots did not yield uniform response in this initial attempt. The device consists of sixty-one periods of 299 Å GaAs and 98 Å AIGaAs multiple quantum well structure capped by ~2000-Å AI­GaAs windows and sandwiched between 94% reflectance mirrors. Using two independently controlled beams we could vary continuously the distance between two spots. Diffusive crosstalk was then identified by a decrease in switch-on intensity of one of the beams when the other beam was brought sufficiently close. The extent of the carrier diffusion varied with position on the sample, orientation of the spots, and the switch-on intensities. The critical spacing at which crosstalk became noticeable ranged from 35 μm to more than 100 μm.
Cross talk due to transverse carrier diffusion between identical bistable elements on an InSb étalon at 80 K is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Measurements of cross talk between two such elements show that typically, for a practical system, a critical separation of a few diffusion lengths between beam centers is necessary for independent operation. When the difference between holding and switching powers approaches zero, the results show that the critical distance diverges. Delays as great as 4 μsec have been observed when one element is switched and its neighbor is induced to switch through the cross-talk mechanism. These delays can be partially attributed to critical slowing down, and, in principle, they diverge as the interelement distance is increased toward the critical separation. A theoretical model based on the diffusion equation for the single-pass nonlinear phase shift shows how the critical separation depends on physical parameters and the number of elements forming an array. We found that the relevant interaction is essentially limited to nearest neighbors. When the theory is applied to two bistable elements, good agreement is obtained with the experiments in both the steady and the dynamic states.
This Letter is concerned with the parallel operation of optical bistable devices. The two-beam side-by-side case has been simulated numerically. Diffraction coupling from one device operating in the upper branch can cause the other one, operating in the lower branch, to switch to the upper branch if the separation of the two beams is too small. The separation required for independent operation is usually a few beamwidths. The results give promise for performing parallel operations with optical bistable devices on the same étalon.
Epitaxial methods allow the fabrication of nonlinear interferomethc structures which include the mirrors and the GaAs Multiple Quantum Wells (MQW) nonlinear medium in a single crystal. This results in very compact nonlinear microcavities with typically 5im overall thickness. Optical bistability is observed in these structures at mW optical power. We review our latest experimental results on these structures including the observation of high contrast switching in the reflection mode the direct measurement of dispersive optical nonlinearities in MQWs evidencing their saturation behavior at high intensities. Finally we report external-beam switching experiments which allow to assess the potential of these structures as all-optical gates.
A bistable etalon, consisting of an optically nonlinear semiconductor spacer layer sandwiched between two Bragg mirrors, has been optimized for use in reflection, using a numerical model for a self-consistent carrier density based on published experimental data for the nonlinear absorption alpha(I,lambda) and refraction DELTA-n(I,lambda). The saturation behavior of the refractive index and the absorption in bulk GaAs has been investigated at different wavelengths. High saturation values of DELTA-n(s) almost-equal-to .080 were found 20 meV below the gap. 30 meV above the gap we observed a comparable index change, together with an absorption saturation feature, leading to a highly nonlinear response close to the bistability threshold in our unoptimized etalon.
Optical bistability has been observed in a semiconductor for the first time. The bistable etalon consists of a GaAlAs-GaAs-GaAlAs molecular-beam-epitaxially-grown sandwich with 90% reflectivity coatings. The bistability is primarily dispersive with the nonlinear refractive index arising from light-induced changes in exciton absorption. Using light of frequency just below the exciton peak, we observed bistability from 5 to 120 °K with 40-ns turn-off and subnanosecond turn-on times with 1 mW/μm2 holding intensity.