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Acta Physica Sinica

Progress of electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits

Zhao Hu, Li Tie-Fu, Liu Jian-She, Wei Chen

Published Jan 1, 2012• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Superconducting quantum computing is currently considered as one of the most promising options to realize a quantum computer. Superconducting qubit is the core component of the superconducting quantum computer. To increase the decoherence time of superconducting qubits as far as possible, the large-scale integration of superconducting qubits have become the main research topic of superconducting quantum computing. As a macroscopic artificial atom, lots of quantum optical phenomena can be observed in the superconducting qubits. Electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits can provide a new method to study the superconducting qubit decoherence mechanism, and can also arouse new ideas to study the nonlinear optics, optical storage, ultra-slow optical transmission and quantum optics. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical basis of electromagnetically induced transparency, review the current research of electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits, compare the difference between electromagnetically induced transparencies based on gas atoms and superconducting qubits, and evaluat the prospect applications for its development.

DOI
10.7498/aps.61.154214

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Superconducting quantum computing is currently considered as one of the most promising options to realize a quantum computer. Superconducting qubit is the core component of the superconducting quantum computer. To increase the decoherence time of superconducting qubits as far as possible, the large-scale integration of superconducting qubits have become the main research topic of superconducting quantum computing. As a macroscopic artificial atom, lots of quantum optical phenomena can be observed in the superconducting qubits. Electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits can provide a new method to study the superconducting qubit decoherence mechanism, and can also arouse new ideas to study the nonlinear optics, optical storage, ultra-slow optical transmission and quantum optics. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical basis of electromagnetically induced transparency, review the current research of electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits, compare the difference between electromagnetically induced transparencies based on gas atoms and superconducting qubits, and evaluat the prospect applications for its development.
Quantum bits (qubits) are at the heart of quantum information processing schemes. Currently, solid-state qubits, and in particular the superconducting ones, seem to satisfy the requirements for being the building blocks of viable quantum computers, since they exhibit relatively long coherence times, extremely low dissipation, and scalability. The possibility of achieving quantum coherence in macroscopic circuits comprising Josephson junctions, envisioned by Legett in the 1980's, was demonstrated for the first time in a charge qubit; since then, the exploitation of macroscopic quantum effects in low-capacitance Josephson junction circuits allowed for the realization of several kinds of superconducting qubits. Furthermore, coupling between qubits has been successfully achieved that was followed by the construction of multiple-qubit logic gates and the implementation of several algorithms. Here it is demonstrated that induced qubit lattice coherence as well as two remarkable quantum coherent optical phenomena, i.e., self-induced transparency and Dicke-type superradiance, may occur during light-pulse propagation in quantum metamaterials comprising superconducting charge qubits. The generated qubit lattice pulse forms a compound "quantum breather" that propagates in synchrony with the electromagnetic pulse. The experimental confirmation of such effects in superconducting quantum metamaterials may open a new pathway to potentially powerful quantum computing.
Abstract Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) stems from a quantum system, where an opaque atomic medium appears the narrow transparent state within a wide absorption area. This phenomenon can be achieved by quantum interference of pumping light and detecting light at different energy levels of transitions. In the generation process of EIT effect, in addition to transparent state, the atomic medium is usually accompanied with a strong dispersion effect, which will bright about a significant reduction of light velocity, thus realizing many important applications, such as slow light propagations. Although the EIT effect has many important applications, its application scenarios are greatly limited due to the fact that EIT realization usually requires specific and complicated conditions, such as refrigeration temperature, high intensity laser, etc. Recently, the analogue of EIT effect in metamaterial has attracted increasing attentions due to its advantages such as controllable room temperature and large operating bandwidth. Metamaterial analogue of EIT effect has become a new research focus. In this article, we review current research progresses on EIT metamaterials. Firstly, we describe the theoretical models for analyzing EIT metamaterials, including the mechanical oscillator model and the equivalent circuit model. Then, we describe the simulations, designs and experiments of passive EIT metamaterials with fixed structures and active EIT metamaterials with tunable elements. Furthermore, the applications of EIT metamaterials in the areas of slow lights, sensings, absorptions and other fields are also reviewed. Finally, the possible directions and key issues of future EIT metamaterial researches are prospected.
We present experimental observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on a single macroscopic artificial "atom" (superconducting quantum system) coupled to open 1D space of a transmission line. Unlike in an optical media with many atoms, the single-atom EIT in 1D space is revealed in suppression of reflection of electromagnetic waves, rather than absorption. The observed almost 100% modulation of the reflection and transmission of propagating microwaves demonstrates full controllability of individual artificial atoms and a possibility to manipulate the atomic states. The system can be used as a switchable mirror of microwaves and opens a good perspective for its applications in photonic quantum information processing and other fields.
Quantum information processing using superconducting qubit based on Josephson junction has become one of the most promising candidates for possible realization of a quantum computer. In the heart of the qubit circuits, the superconducting microwave resonator plays a key role in quantum operations and measurements, which enables single-photon level microwave quantum optics. During last decade, the coherence time, or the lifetime of the quantum state, of the superconducting qubit has been dramatically improved. Among several technological innovations, the improvement of superconducting microwave resonator's quality has been the main driving force in getting the qubit performance almost ready for elementary quantum computing architecture. In this paper, I will briefly review very recent progresses of the superconducting microwave resonators especially aimed for quantum device applications during the last decade. The progresses have been driven by ingenious circuit design, material improvement, and new measurement techniques. Even a rather radical idea of three-dimensional large resonators have been successfully implemented in a qubit circuit. All those efforts contributed to our understanding of the qubit decoherence mechanism and as a result to the improvement of qubit performance.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) having wide applications in quantum optics and nonlinear optics is explored ordinarily in various atomic systems. In this paper we present a theoretical study of EIT using supercon- ducting circuit with a V-type artificial molecule constructed by two Josephson charge qubits coupled each other through a large capacitor. In our theoretical model we make a steady state approximation and obtain the analytical expressions of the complex susceptibility for the artificial system via the density matrix formalism. The complex susceptibility has additional dependence on the qubit parameters and hence can be tuned to a certain extent.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has usually been demonstrated by using three-level atomic systems. In this paper, we theoretically proposed an efficient method to realize EIT in microwave regime through a coupled system consisting of a flux qubit and a superconducting LC resonator with relatively high quality factor. In the present composed system, the working levels are the dressed states of a two-level flux qubit and the resonators with a probe pump field. There exits a second order coherent transfer between the dressed states. By comparing the results with those in the conventional atomic system we have revealed the physical origin of the EIT phenomenon in this composed system. Since the whole system is artificial and tunable, our scheme may have potential applications in various domains.