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IEICE Technical Report; IEICE Tech. Rep.

A Study on Noise Reduction in Physical Layer Secret Key Agreement using Multi-Antenna

Tomoyuki Higashide, Shinsuke Ibi, Hisato Iwai, Hideichi Sasaoka

Published Jan 16, 2020• 0 citations
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Physical-layer key generation for multi-user massive MIMO wireless communications

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This chapter presents a multi-user secret key generation in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless networks. Physical-layer key generation (PKG) based on channel reciprocity has emerged as a new technique to establish secret keys between devices. However, in future wireless communications, massive antennas will be employed to support multiple users, which bring new challenges to PKG, e.g., low key agreements caused by long-time delay or strong inter-user interference. By harnessing the sparse characteristics of the beam domain channel model, we propose a general channel dimensionality reduction (CDR)-based secret key generation scheme and optimize the parameters of this scheme. The security of this key generation scheme under different user cases of non-overlapping and overlapping beams is then discussed. Some new directions that generalize and improve the basic scenarios for PKG are described. These new directions include multi-cell multi-user secret key generation, PKG in millimeter wave wireless communications, and PKG in frequency division duplexing systems.

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Physical layer key generation (PKG) technology leverages the reciprocal channel randomness to generate the shared secret keys. The low secret key capacity of the existing PKG schemes is due to the reduction in degree-of-freedom from multipath fading channels to multipath combined channels. To improve the wireless key generation rate, we propose a multipath channel diversity-based PKG scheme. Assisted by dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA), a two-stage multipath channel parameter estimation algorithm is proposed to efficiently realize super-resolution multi-path parameter estimation. The proposed algorithm first estimates the angle of arrival (AOA) based on the reconfigurable radiation pattern of DMA, and then utilizes the results to design the training beamforming and receive beamforming to improve the estimation accuracy of the path gain. After multipath separation and parameter estimation, multi-dimensional independent path gains are utilized for generating secret keys. Finally, we analyze the security and complexity of the proposed scheme and give an upper bound on the secret key capacity in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the secret key capacity compared with the existing schemes.

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We consider a source model for information theoretic secret key agreement based on the distance among the nodes, in a basic system consisting of two legitimate users and an eavesdropper. The legitimate nodes try to agree on a reliable and secure key based on their noisy observation of distance between them. We propose two methods to enhance system utility: 1) Artificial Noise Forwarding (ANF), 2) transmission in different beam directions (multi-antenna transmission). In the first method artificial noise is used to worsen e a vesdropper's distance estimation and in the second method beacon signals are sent in different directions and the virtual distances in different beam directions are used as the randomness sources. We show that if eavesdropper is not equipped with multi-directional antenna, then ANF is a useful method while in the case of users equipped with multi-directional antenna, transmitting in different directions is a suitable way to increase the secret key rate.

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A Physical Layer Secrecy Coding Algorithm Using Multi-antenna Channel Characteristics Projection

Yadong Wang, Kaizhi Huang, Jiang Ji

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY•Jul 7, 2013•2 citations
This chapter presents a multi-user secret key generation in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless networks. Physical-layer key generation (PKG) based on channel reciprocity has emerged as a new technique to establish secret keys between devices. However, in future wireless communications, massive antennas will be employed to support multiple users, which bring new challenges to PKG, e.g., low key agreements caused by long-time delay or strong inter-user interference. By harnessing the sparse characteristics of the beam domain channel model, we propose a general channel dimensionality reduction (CDR)-based secret key generation scheme and optimize the parameters of this scheme. The security of this key generation scheme under different user cases of non-overlapping and overlapping beams is then discussed. Some new directions that generalize and improve the basic scenarios for PKG are described. These new directions include multi-cell multi-user secret key generation, PKG in millimeter wave wireless communications, and PKG in frequency division duplexing systems.
Physical layer key generation (PKG) technology leverages the reciprocal channel randomness to generate the shared secret keys. The low secret key capacity of the existing PKG schemes is due to the reduction in degree-of-freedom from multipath fading channels to multipath combined channels. To improve the wireless key generation rate, we propose a multipath channel diversity-based PKG scheme. Assisted by dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA), a two-stage multipath channel parameter estimation algorithm is proposed to efficiently realize super-resolution multi-path parameter estimation. The proposed algorithm first estimates the angle of arrival (AOA) based on the reconfigurable radiation pattern of DMA, and then utilizes the results to design the training beamforming and receive beamforming to improve the estimation accuracy of the path gain. After multipath separation and parameter estimation, multi-dimensional independent path gains are utilized for generating secret keys. Finally, we analyze the security and complexity of the proposed scheme and give an upper bound on the secret key capacity in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the secret key capacity compared with the existing schemes.
We consider a source model for information theoretic secret key agreement based on the distance among the nodes, in a basic system consisting of two legitimate users and an eavesdropper. The legitimate nodes try to agree on a reliable and secure key based on their noisy observation of distance between them. We propose two methods to enhance system utility: 1) Artificial Noise Forwarding (ANF), 2) transmission in different beam directions (multi-antenna transmission). In the first method artificial noise is used to worsen e a vesdropper's distance estimation and in the second method beacon signals are sent in different directions and the virtual distances in different beam directions are used as the randomness sources. We show that if eavesdropper is not equipped with multi-directional antenna, then ANF is a useful method while in the case of users equipped with multi-directional antenna, transmitting in different directions is a suitable way to increase the secret key rate.