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Accuracy of Noise Temperature Measurement of Cryogenic Amplifiers

J. D. Gallego, M.W. Pospieszalski

Published Jan 1, 1992• 7 citations
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Cryogenic noise measurements are typically carried out using a variable-temperature load or a commercial noise diode in conjunction with a cryogenically-cooled attenuator. In both of these cases, thermal gradients can present a significant source of uncertainty. In the astronomy community, SIS mixers biased beyond their gap voltage are often used as shot-noise sources and employed to determine the noise of IF amplifiers. In this work, a tunnel junction with metal electrodes is used as noise source for characterization of cryogenic amplifiers. It is shown that this method is easily calibrated and can provide results that agree well with those obtained using the cold-attenuator method.

IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest•May 1, 2016•7 citations
A broadband low-noise four-stage high-electron-mobility transistor amplifier was designed and characterized in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator at the 3.8 K temperature stage. The obtained power dissipation of the amplifier is below 20 mW. In the frequency range from 6 to 12 GHz its gain exceeds 30 dB. The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is below 6 K for the presented frequency range. The amplifier is applicable for any type of cryogenic microwave measurements. As an example we demonstrate here the characterization of the superconducting X-mon qubit coupled to an on-chip coplanar waveguide resonator.
The measurement of the fast-increasing number of qubits necessitates the use of a large number of specialized cryogenic low-noise amplifiers (LNAs).). This work presents a broadband LNA designed with discrete GaAs HEMT components which operate well at ~3.6 K temperature. The dual-frequency optimum noise matching network and output matching elements of the first stage were employed to optimize the equivalent noise temperature (NT) and the input return loss in a wideband. Measurement results at 3.6 K ambient temperature show that the LNA achieved an equivalent NT of30 dB in the 3.5 GHz to 7.5 GHz band with a minimum of 5 Kelvin at ~6.5 GHz. The best visibility of ~0.891 is achieved when using the LNA to observe a superconducting transmon qubit without using a JPA.
Cryogenic noise measurements are typically carried out using a variable-temperature load or a commercial noise diode in conjunction with a cryogenically-cooled attenuator. In both of these cases, thermal gradients can present a significant source of uncertainty. In the astronomy community, SIS mixers biased beyond their gap voltage are often used as shot-noise sources and employed to determine the noise of IF amplifiers. In this work, a tunnel junction with metal electrodes is used as noise source for characterization of cryogenic amplifiers. It is shown that this method is easily calibrated and can provide results that agree well with those obtained using the cold-attenuator method.