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Cumhuriyet Science Journal

Structure of condensed gas in the uniform medium

Abidin Kılıç

Published Mar 22, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Bose-Einstein condensate, which has very low particle density and a highly complex quantum structure, has been proven experimentally for rubidium, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, metastable helium, cesium and chromium atoms to date. Because of the differences between the properties of these atoms and their binary interactions, many impressive results have been found in experimental work on condensation. The structure of a vortex in the uniform environment and the influencing factors are examined in this study.

DOI
10.17776/csj.358638

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The Bose-Einstein condensate, which has very low particle density and a highly complex quantum structure, has been proven experimentally for rubidium, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, metastable helium, cesium and chromium atoms to date. Because of the differences between the properties of these atoms and their binary interactions, many impressive results have been found in experimental work on condensation. The structure of a vortex in the uniform environment and the influencing factors are examined in this study.
Bose-Einstein condensation, which has a very low particle density and a highly complex quantum structure, has been experimentally proven to date for rubidium, sodium, lithium, hydrogen, metastable helium, cesium and chromium atoms. Due to the differences between the properties and binary interactions of these atoms, experimental studies on condensation have found many impressive results. The structure of a vortex in a trapped environment and the factors affecting it were investigated in this study. Angular Momentum was calculated using Thomas-Fermi Approach.
Bose–Einstein condensates in dilute atomic gases, which were first realized experimentally in 1995 for rubidium, sodium, and lithium, provide unique opportunities for exploring quantum phenomena on a macroscopic scale. These systems differ from ordinary gases, liquids, and solids in a number of respects, as we shall now illustrate by giving typical values of some physical quantities. The particle density at the centre of a Bose-Einstein condensed atomic cloud is typically 10 13 –10 15 cm −3 . By contrast, the density of molecules in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is about 10 19 cm −3 . In liquids and solids the density of atoms is of order 1022 cm −3 , while the density of nucleons in atomic nuclei is about 10 38 cm −3 . To observe quantum phenomena in such low-density systems, the temperature must be of order 10 −5 K or less. This may be contrasted with the temperatures at which quantum phenomena occur in solids and liquids. In solids, quantum effects become strong for electrons in metals below the Fermi temperature, which is typically 10 4 –10 5 K, and for phonons below the De bye temperature, which is typically of order 10 2 K. For the helium liquids, the temperatures required for observing quantum phenomena are of order 1 K. Due to the much higher particle density in atomic nuclei, the corresponding degeneracy temperature is about 10 11 K. The path that led in 1995 to the first realization of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases exploited the powerful methods developed over the past quarter of a century for cooling alkali metal atoms by using lasers.
The experimental observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in gas of rubidium atoms in 1995 had huge impact on the physics community with reports of a new state of matter making newspaper headlines all over the world. By comparison, it was in relative obscurity that Simo Jaakkola and his group at the University of Turku in Finland, in collaboration with researchers at the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, recently observed the two-dimensional analogue of the effect (A I Safonov et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4545). Jaakkola observed two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensation (2D BEG) in gas of specially prepared hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the surface of liquid helium. In Bose-Einstein condensation all the particles in system collapse into single quantum state that has many unusual and novel properties.
In 1995, atomic physics took a quantum leap with the experimental discovery of almost ideal Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms. The gaseous condensates offer a rare chance to study an interacting many-particle system accurately from first-principles theories, and they can be used to simulate many seminal models that have proven elusive in their original context of, e.g., solid-state or high-energy physics. An important topic in the research has been the quantized vortex, which was experimentally realized in 1999 and whose existence is intimately related to the concepts of quantum phase coherence and superfluidity.\nIn this dissertation, unconventional vortex structures are investigated in the dilute condensates at ultralow temperatures. A combination of analytical and numerical methods is used to examine the structure, stability, and dynamical behavior of multiquantum vortices and vortex-antivortex pairs in spin-polarized condensates, unusual vortex lattices in two-species condensates, and spin textures in condensates with dipolar interactions. In studying the properties of the multiquantum vortices, particular emphasis is placed on exploring the practical limits of producing them through adiabatic pumping of vorticity. The majority of the research is conducted by solving the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii and Bogoliubov equations.\nVarious original, experimentally verifiable results concerning the exotic vortex structures are presented. Novel splitting patterns of vortices with large quantum numbers are introduced, and it is shown that such vortices can be feasibly stabilized by piercing them with a focused laser beam. A recent experiment on vortex-antivortex pairs is simulated, and an excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained. Unconventional ground-state vortex lattices, such as ones having a square geometry or consisting of two-quantum vortices, are shown to exist in rotating two-species condensates. Dipolar interactions are found to support helical spin-vortex states, and the energies of spin-wave excitations are observed to increase rapidly with the dipolar coupling strength.\nThis dissertation contributes to the understanding of superfluid phenomena in Bose-Einstein condensates and has significant implications for the prospects of detecting novel vortex structures in current experiments.