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IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)

On the Application of Key-Based Physical Layer Security in 5G Heterogeneous Networks

Anil Kumar Yerrapragada, Patrick Ormond, Brian Kelley

Published Nov 1, 2019• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Concern for 5G security is driving interest in additional methods capable of exchanging secure information. This paper introduces a scheme for extending 5G with Physical Layer Security, an emerging Open Systems Interconnect Layer-1 security area that achieves perfect secrecy data transmission. The foundations for a Stochastic Geometry approach to Key based Physical Layer Security are established for 5G Heterogeneous Networks. This work also introduces realistic Time Division Duplex algorithms integrated with 5G-OFDM reference signals that enable the exchange of shared, private information. The resulting Physical Layer Security protocols map random secret key bits to precoders in a codebook through a Precoder Matrix Index. Analysis is presented for Key Bit Error rates under realistic stochastic geometry frameworks in MIMO Rayleigh fading, under various base station densities, interference profiles, and configurations. A Key Bit Error Rate of 1% and 3% for both 1 and 2 bit code books is achieved with a network base station density of 0.01 km-2and 0.1 km-2respectively. The proffered Layer-1 protocols, which operate independently of existing higher layer network and transport layer security, can lead to significantly improved 5G security.

DOI
10.1109/milcom47813.2019.9020882

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Concern for 5G security is driving interest in additional methods capable of exchanging secure information. This paper introduces a scheme for extending 5G with Physical Layer Security, an emerging Open Systems Interconnect Layer-1 security area that achieves perfect secrecy data transmission. The foundations for a Stochastic Geometry approach to Key based Physical Layer Security are established for 5G Heterogeneous Networks. This work also introduces realistic Time Division Duplex algorithms integrated with 5G-OFDM reference signals that enable the exchange of shared, private information. The resulting Physical Layer Security protocols map random secret key bits to precoders in a codebook through a Precoder Matrix Index. Analysis is presented for Key Bit Error rates under realistic stochastic geometry frameworks in MIMO Rayleigh fading, under various base station densities, interference profiles, and configurations. A Key Bit Error Rate of 1% and 3% for both 1 and 2 bit code books is achieved with a network base station density of 0.01 km-2and 0.1 km-2respectively. The proffered Layer-1 protocols, which operate independently of existing higher layer network and transport layer security, can lead to significantly improved 5G security.
1, This paper investigates the application of Key-based Physical Layer Security to future 5G and IoT network dimensioning, not previously considered in other works. Results indicate a Key bit Error Rate of 1% at a cell separation of 500m with a reuse of 7. A derivation for a closed form expression of the Key bit Error Rate as a function of radio network parameters is presented for a specific Precoder Matrix Index (PMI) based Physical Layer Security scheme known as MOPRO. The equation, which accounts for Rayleigh fading environments, is verified against simulated data, and shows a gain of 6dB for 1-bit codebooks over 2-bit codebooks. Also shown is a closed form statistical expression for the probability density function of the Key bit Error Rate. The expression for direct computation of Key bit Error Rate statistics points the way forward toward future physical layer security based planning in heterogeneous networks.
If Beyond-5G(B5G)/6G is to support critical infrastructure worldwide, there must be an effort to jointly integrate low latency and privacy into wireless protocols. This research analyzes new schemes for securing applications at low latency by extending Physical Layer Security (PLS) algorithms to B5G/6G systems. We design protocols that advance a specific form of Physical Layer Security, known as Key-based Physical Layer Security, from the theoretical realm into the practical. One form of a Key-based algorithm obscures information from eavesdroppers by mapping it to cleverly rotated reference signals. For such a scheme, prior work has found that the two-way exchange of completely private information involves six OFDM symbol times, not including synchronization. By developing a protocol that makes the most optimum use of time-frequency resources, we show that it is possible to achieve two-way private exchange and synchronization in only four symbol times - the least latency possible. A significant simulation result indicates that our improved protocol achieves sub-1 ms two-way latency, including re-transmissions. We also illustrate a protocol that shows how Key-based Physical Layer Security can privatize critical PHY layer functions such as cell search. Lastly, additional results show the performance of the PLS algorithm in terms of Key Bit Error Rates and secret key transmission rates.
Physical layer security which safeguards data confidentiality based on the information-theoretic approaches has received significant research interest recently. The key idea behind physical layer security is to utilize the intrinsic randomness of the transmission channel to guarantee the security in physical layer. The evolution toward 5G wireless communications poses new challenges for physical layer security research. This paper provides a latest survey of the physical layer security research on various promising 5G technologies, including physical layer security coding, massive multiple-input multiple-output, millimeter wave communications, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, full duplex technology, and so on. Technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends of physical layer security in 5G and beyond are discussed.
Physical layer security is emerging as a promising means of ensuring secrecy in wireless communications. The key idea is to exploit the characteristics of wireless channels such as fading or noise to transmit a message from the source to the intended receiver while keeping this message confidential from eavesdroppers. Topics covered in Trusted Communications with Physical Layer Security for 5G and Beyond include secrecy metrics for physical layer security over fading channels; trusted wireless communications with spatial multiplexing; directional modulation enabled physical layer wireless security; secure waveform for 5G systems; confidential and energy efficient communications using physical layer security; secure data networks with channel uncertainty; antenna selection strategies for wiretap channels; physical layer security for massive MIMO systems, millimeter wave cellular networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, multiuser relay networks, cognitive radio networks, MIMOME-OFDM systems; wirelessly powered communication systems and D2D-enabled cellular networks; and security solutions and applications at the physical layer, including case studies of secret key generation and secrecy coding in communication nodes and terminals.
5G wireless networks are evolving to meet the rapid increase in the demand of the users to get high-quality broadband services with high-speed data rate. This advance development came up with a lot of challenges such as coverage region, security, energy efficiency, spectrum utilization, cost, latency, and data rate. To ensure the security, there are many conventional key exchange algorithms that need complex infrastructure. In recent times, physical layer-based security has gained a lot of attention since it offers the simple and efficient way of key exchange by exploiting wireless channel characteristics. In this project, for secret key sharing between the two legitimate users through the correlated channel that is shared with eavesdropper, a pre-equalization transmit filter that inverts the main channel is employed. Further to decrease the probability of interception by eavesdropper while permitting successful decoding by the legitimate user. Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) code is used to assure reliable communication. Modulation schemes such as basic QPSK and 64,128 and 256- QAM are used to achieve higher bit rates. To achieve high secrecy between the legitimate users zero forcing algorithm is used to invert the channel. Through simulations, the effect of channel correlation will be studied to analyze the low secret key mismatch between the Bob and Eve. Here Eve having high Bit Error Rate(BER) so that eve could not obtain the original bits. The simulation will be done using Matlab.
The fifth generation (5G) network would be a key facilitator to keeping up to the future wireless application demands such as ultra-high data rate, ultra-wide radio coverage, ultra — low latency, large number of devices connected etc. Security is a crucial issue in the 5G network as wireless transmissions have the innate quality of vulnerability towards unfriendly breach or hacks. In this paper, security issue in the 5G network, specifically the physical layer security, has been analyzed. The physical layer safeguards confidentiality of data by capitalizing on the inherent random nature of the communication medium. There are various technologies prevalent in 5G, the three most prominent ones-heterogeneous networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output, and millimeter wave have been considered and discussed. The potential areas for improvement and issues in each of the technologies have been identified and analyzed. This analysis would help in better understanding of physical layer security in the future.