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International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS)

Modeling One-way and Two-way quantum key distribution protocols

Ahmed Mahmoud Sofy, Mohamed Ahmed Shalaby, Hisham Dahshan, Alaa Eldin Rohiem

Published Dec 1, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The present cryptography systems security depends on the hardness of factorizing an integer number with a large number of digits to its prime integer factors. In 1994, Peter Shor proposed a quantum procedure (Shor's algorithm) that easily factorizes large integer numbers to its prime factors compared with other algorithms. Consequently, present cryptography systems became endangered and once quantum computers exist, conventional cryptography systems could breakdown. On the other hand, quantum cryptography security is based on the well-known quantum mechanics uncertainty principle, and so the quantum cryptography enhances the cryptography field with a mechanism for eavesdropper detecting. Here, a hardware implementation was proposed for two types of key distribution protocols based on quantum computing, the one-way quantum key distribution protocol (BB84 protocol), and the two-way quantum key distribution protocol.

DOI
10.1109/icicis46948.2019.9014729

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The present cryptography systems security depends on the hardness of factorizing an integer number with a large number of digits to its prime integer factors. In 1994, Peter Shor proposed a quantum procedure (Shor's algorithm) that easily factorizes large integer numbers to its prime factors compared with other algorithms. Consequently, present cryptography systems became endangered and once quantum computers exist, conventional cryptography systems could breakdown. On the other hand, quantum cryptography security is based on the well-known quantum mechanics uncertainty principle, and so the quantum cryptography enhances the cryptography field with a mechanism for eavesdropper detecting. Here, a hardware implementation was proposed for two types of key distribution protocols based on quantum computing, the one-way quantum key distribution protocol (BB84 protocol), and the two-way quantum key distribution protocol.
The security strength of key distribution of most conventional cryptography is relied on mathematical complexity and the irrational time needed to break the algorithm. But it will be ineffective if the secret key distribution procedure is weak. In 1994 Peter Shor proposed an algorithm that can factorize great integer number efficiently by using principle of quantum computer, this algorithm poses a threat to some of the conventional cryptography. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is drawing much attention of researcher as a solution of that problem of key distribution. Theoretically, QKD have been proven can be provide unconditionally secure communication based on quantum mechanics laws. In this article we survey the QKD protocols. Also, we present a little experiment of some QKD protocols that we discussed on this paper.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.
Due to the importance of securing electronic transactions, many cryptographic protocols have been employed, that mainly depend on distributed keys between the intended parties. In classical computers, the security of these protocols depends on the mathematical complexity of the encoding functions and on the length of the key. However, the existing classical algorithms 100% breakable with enough computational power, which can be provided by quantum machines. Moving to quantum computation, the field of security shifts into a new area of cryptographic solutions which is now the field of quantum cryptography. The era of quantum computers is at its beginning. There are few practical implementations and evaluations of quantum protocols. Therefore, the paper defines a well-known quantum key distribution protocol which is BB84 then provides a practical implementation of it on IBM QX software. The practical implementations showed that there were differences between BB84 theoretical expected results and the practical implementation results. Due to this, the paper provides a statistical analysis of the experiments by comparing the standard deviation of the results. Using the BB84 protocol the existence of a third-party eavesdropper can be detected. Thus, calculations of the probability of detecting/not detecting a third-party eavesdropping have been provided. These values are again compared to the theoretical expectation. The calculations showed that with the greater number of qubits, the percentage of detecting eavesdropper will be higher.
The study of quantum computation has yielded many advantages over classical computing. One area in which quantum computation has been shown to be superior is encryption. The main advantage of quantum key distribution schemes over conventional ones is that the security of the former is guaranteed by the very laws of physics (quantum mechanics in this case), while the security of the latter usually rests on unproven assumptions about the computational difficulty of a certain problem (such as factoring a large integer).This study focuses on two key distribution protocols based on the quantum model: One developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 (BB84), the other developed by Marius Nagy and Selim Akl in 2006 (NA06), which uses BB84 as a base, but expands on it using the Quantum Fourier Transform.Unlike conventional protocols, quantum protocols have the ability to detect eavesdropping and the NA06 protocol is the first key distribution scheme capable of detecting an eavesdropper by testing bits that were not even eavesdropped on while in transit. The purpose of this study is to asses the performance of this novel protocol relative to the now classical BB84. These protocols are simulated on a classical computer and compared to determine what advantages, if any, the NA06 protocol holds over the BB84. The results of this report have implications in the theory of quantum key distribution.
Modern-day secure communication is made possible via cryptography. Modern cryptographic algorithms are based on the process of factoring large integers into their primes, as they are intractable. But the cryptography we use nowadays is vulnerable to technological advances in computing power like quantum computing and evolution in math to quickly reverse one-way functions like factorization of large integers. Incorporating quantum physics concepts into cryptography is the answer, which results in an assessment of quantum cryptography. A unique type of cryptography known as quantum cryptography makes advantage of quantum mechanics to provide complete protection against the transmitted message. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), a random binary key distribution used in quantum cryptography, enables communication participants to recognize unauthorized listeners. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is likely the most advanced quantum technology currently accessible with full-stack systems already in use. This project’s goal is to develop secure and encrypted communication between the parties with the help of a web application using the BB84 protocol.
Data protection and information security have been the essence of communication in today's digital era. Authentication and secrecy of secure communication are achieved using key-based cryptographic primitives; the security of which significantly relies upon the underlying computationally complex mathematics. Moreover, these existing cryptographic primitives are considered to be non-deterministic on the basis of the existing computational capabilities. However, the considerable advancements in the development of quantum computers have significantly enhanced parallel computations; thereby, posing a great threat to these existing encryption primitives. Thus, in the future, the physical manifestation of a large successful quantum computer is likely to break all the existing public-key encryption algorithms in no time. This has led to a remarkable surge of interest in propelling quantum mechanics into existence; subsequently, leading cryptographers to research various viable domains to offer quantum-resistant secure communications. Resultantly, quantum cryptography/quantum key distribution has emerged as a futuristic replacement for classical cryptography as it offers unconditionally secure communication along with the inherent detection of any unintended user. Thus, keeping in view the significance of this relatively newer domain of cryptography, this research focuses on presenting a consolidated review of the various Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols. A comparative analysis of the working mechanism of the prominent QKD protocols is presented along with an overview of the various emerging trends that have been proposed to optimize the implementational efficiency of the BB84 protocol.