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IEEE Access

Physical Layer Key Generation Scheme Through Scrambling the Correlated Eavesdropping Channel

Yajun Chen, Kaizhi Huang, You Zhou, Keming Ma, Henglei Jin, Xiaoming Xu

Published Jan 1, 2020• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the physical layer key generation scheme in most realistic scenarios where the correlation between the legitimate channel and the eavesdropping channel is considered. To degrade the correlation and improve the key generation capacity, a physical layer key generation scheme through scrambling the correlated eavesdropping channel is proposed. Firstly, the artificial noise is sent superimposed over pilots from the legitimate transmitter to confuse the eavesdropper. The artificial noise precoding matrix is randomly selected from decomposed unitary matrices orthogonal to the legitimate channel resulting in having no effect on legitimate channel. Then, the vector quantization algorithm and the winnow algorithm are respectively applied to quantize the channel characteristic and negotiate the generated random sequences to generate the final key. To further support the performance, we next present a power optimization scheme allocated to sending the artificial noise to maximize the generated key capacity under the total transmission power constraint. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

DOI
10.1109/access.2020.2979515

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In this paper, we investigate the physical layer key generation scheme in most realistic scenarios where the correlation between the legitimate channel and the eavesdropping channel is considered. To degrade the correlation and improve the key generation capacity, a physical layer key generation scheme through scrambling the correlated eavesdropping channel is proposed. Firstly, the artificial noise is sent superimposed over pilots from the legitimate transmitter to confuse the eavesdropper. The artificial noise precoding matrix is randomly selected from decomposed unitary matrices orthogonal to the legitimate channel resulting in having no effect on legitimate channel. Then, the vector quantization algorithm and the winnow algorithm are respectively applied to quantize the channel characteristic and negotiate the generated random sequences to generate the final key. To further support the performance, we next present a power optimization scheme allocated to sending the artificial noise to maximize the generated key capacity under the total transmission power constraint. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
In this paper, we propose a novel physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) scheme, which is based on reduced random pilot selection at a legitimate transmitter and channel interpolation at a legitimate receiver. As a result, the proposed scheme is capable of reducing pilot overhead and increasing secret key capacity (SKC) while suppressing information leakage to an eavesdropper in a correlated eavesdropping channel. More specifically, a subset of full pilot sequence is activated based on the legitimate channels at the legitimate transmitter, and the full channel coefficients are estimated from the received pilot symbol subset at the legitimate receiver with the aid of our channel interpolation. Additionally, despite the non-reciprocal channel due to the presence of a Doppler shift and an additive noise, our scheme achieves high SKG reliability in comparison to that without our reduced pilot selection or channel interpolation. We also derive the theoretical SKC for the proposed scheme. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SKG scheme exhibits a higher performance in terms of both the SKC and key disagreement ratio.
When the eavesdropping channel has a certain correlation with the legitimate channel, the physical layer key is susceptible to eavesdroppers. To ensure the security of the secret key, we propose a two-layer secure (TLS) quantization algorithm in this paper. First, we model the correlation between the distance and the channel correlation and derive the joint probability density function of channel phase and the key capacity. Then, we describe the detail of the TLS algorithm and prove the validity of our algorithm. Finally, we evaluate the performances of the TLS quantization algorithm using two parameters-key rate and bit disagreement rate. The Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
In this paper, we propose a novel physical-layer secret key generation (SKG), which randomly activates a pilot sequence during the channel probing phase. Each legitimate user interpolates the received signals to recover the full channel state information (CSI). Due to the random reduction of the pilot sequence, the proposed scheme can degrade the eavesdropping performance regardless of the correlation between legitimate users and eavesdroppers, thereby improving the secret key capacity (SKC). Furthermore, low power consumption during the channel probing phase can be achieved. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme exhibits superior performance in the presence of eavesdroppers.
Due to the limited reciprocity of wireless channel, most existing physical-layer security method based on channel characteristics is implemented by repeatedly interacting to generate consistent keys, which resulting in large overhead. This paper proposes a secure transmission scheme based on equivalent channel which is built by random scrambling codes generated from channel characteristics. To improve efficiency and reliability, the legitimate senders scramble the encoded signal and the receivers mitigate the non-reciprocal effect by channel decoding, rather than interacting information to obtain consistent scrambling codes. The channel capacity and security capacity of the scheme are analyzed and simulated in Rayleigh channel model. The results show that the difference of channel characteristics significantly degrade the eavesdropper's receiving performance, so that the received signal cannot be decoded correctly.
Physical layer security in the presence of passive eavesdroppers (i.e., the eavesdroppers' channels are unknown to the transmitter) in correlated channels is addressed. The majority of the literature with passive eavesdroppers assumption focus on uncorrelated channels and random artificial noise (AN) generation in the null space of the legitimate channel. This paper targets joint optimization of the AN vector and the power fraction used for beamforming in correlated channels. These two variables are obtained by maximizing the minimum secure probability of attaining a pre-determined secrecy level for a certain number of the most dangerous potential Eves, which are obtained by the correlation map. The correlation map contains long-term channel correlation matrices for all the potential Eves' locations, which are captured by legitimate users passing through these areas in the past. We use a secure probability map to illustrate the secrecy levels for all the possible positions of the legitimate user. The results show the significant secrecy enhancement of our proposed algorithm when compared to the exiting AN generation methods.
As a new way to enhance wireless communication security, secret key generation based on physical layer channel characteristics has emerged. In this paper, we propose a novel secret key generation algorithm based on wireless channel characteristics for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. The mean quantization algorithm is applied to quantize the real part and imaginary part of OFDM subcarriers, respectively, which can significantly increase the length of the generated secret key in the OFDM system. To reduce the consistency between the secret keys generated by the eavesdropper and the legitimate communication nodes, a processing method by taking the subcarrier phase as initialization of a scrambling code and scrambling the quantized result is proposed. The simulation and test results show that compared with the existing research, the proposed algorithm can improve the key generation rate (KGR), reduce the key mismatch rate (KMR) and complexity, maintain high randomness, and disturb the eavesdroppers.